Visiting Hour by Norman MacCaig Essay Example for Free

visit Hour by Norman MacCaig EssayI put one over chosen to write about the rime Visiting Hour by Norman MacCaig. The poem is about a hospital visit to someone close to his heart. The poet believes that the person, who incidentally is his wife, is going to die. From the poem I bed sense that Norman MacCaig is speaking through his emotions and by writing the poem he is aiming to release some of his emotional pain. The poem had a profound match on me. I felt very empathetic towards him because I also regain that when someone close to me is about to die. When both my Gran and Grandpa have been severely ill in hospital, I have feared the worst and saw myself universe strong whilst in the company of others, but naturally breaking knock off into a sob of tears when alone. When reading the poem I could clearly visualise going to visit someone in hospital and I started to gripe as I read the poem more. I feel that being strong for someone is very important in this poem and he show s this throughout. The poem was written is six paragraphs of which only two were long.The first four paragraphs are about MacCaig building up to the visit t his wife and what he is thinking. In paragraph three he says, I will not feel, by this he means he doesnt want to show his emotions in front of his wife. I think that the poem was divided into two halves, the shorter first four paragraphs being one half and they longer two paragraphs being the sec half. In the second half, MacCaig writes about the visit itself. I think he does this to get an equal balance of importance, too gradually lead us up to his heartache.MacCaig uses a softwood of unusual ideas in his poem. When he is describing walking into the hospital he writes this, The hospital smell combs my nostrils, by this he is telling us that the hospital smells so clean, that his nostrils would feel out of place if they hadnt been combed.It seems as if his mind is set on death as he sees someone on a hospital trolley being trundled into a lift and going up words, he writes, What seems a corpse is trundled into am lift and vanishes heavenward, to me this signifies that he is seeing a negative in everything.I was confused by the way he described a nurses movement at first as he says, Nurses walk lightly, swiftly, here and up and trim down and there, and by this he means that a nurse sets to go somewhere and can end up somewhere completely different because of demanding patients or unpredicted urgencies. I admire the poets style of writing because it is very moving. By this I mean I can feel empathy towards him throughout the poem.

Body armor Essay Example for Free

Body armor EssayBody armor and other defensive equipment are vital components of with-in protection services because it shields the physical structure from severe detriment that may be associated with the nature of the job. Body armor and other protective equipment are generally designed to shelter the personify from materials that come in with a particular velocity or force, such as bullets and knives. This man-made material is designed to pr reddent the entry that could result in the destruction of internal organs.The body armor prevents damage to the abdominal area of an individual, while the other protective equipment prevents injury to the extremities such as the arm and legs. When a material such as a bullet or a knife is introduced to a body with sheer force, the body armor prevents its entry yet the force still results in a form of shock to the body and this is technically called blunt trauma. There are two general types of body armor, namely soft and hard. Soft body armor is generally composed of one of two fibers, namely aramid and polyethylene that are configured in a particular weave.There are virtually brands that contain both types of fibers. Unfortunately, soft body armors can only protect an individual from the regular forces such as knives and bullets but are not hardy enough to prevent bullets coming from machine guns. In this situation, hard body armors are employed for protection and these equipments are composed of plates made of ceramic material. exhausting body armors are made of two plates that are positioned to cover the front and the back of an individual. Since ceramic plates are usually rigid, an individual may find this protective material heavy and movement may be restricted.DQ 2 The use of biological weapons has become an increased threat, and amplified since 911. What can we do to prepare for such an bang and or minimize the catastrophic aftermath? In order to be prepared for a possible terrorist attack that involves biological weapons, it is important that government agencies, curiously those responsible for monitoring public health, to design contingency plans that would tackle nonessentials associated with the deliberate introduction of biological weapons to harm a specific population or even the general public.The contingency plan should as well as be a regular part of the health response system that also deals with pandemic outbreaks, large-scale accidents, as well as natural disasters. In 2002, the World health Assembly of the United Nations adopted a technical support program that prepares each of the division states to prepare an action plan that would address any future catastrophes (WHO, 2004).For every city, it is important to create an initial response team that would take action whenever a terrorist attack occurs. This initial response team will determine the nature of the attack, on whether it is biological, industrial or bomb-based. The initial response team carries this exc lusive obligation because they are physically present in the city and it is very easy for them to go to the place that has been attacked in order to generate a first-hand account of the incident to higher authorities.Once the nature of the terrorist attack has been established, the initial response team will inform the state agency of the incident, which will in turn composition to the national agency. This office will then report to the United Nations office for subsequent action, such as international assistance, in case that the country is unable(predicate) of dealing with the disaster, or if the attack is synchronized among several states, such as that depicted in September 11, 2001 in the United States.Biological attacks can also be minimized by vigilant screening of activities in every city and state around the country, including reporting any peculiar individuals that are spotted in strategic locations around the state. Reference World Health Organization. (2004). Public health response to biological and chemical weapons WHO guidance, 2nd ed. Geneva World Health Organization. ISBN 92 4 154615 8. Downloaded from http//www. who. int/csr/delibepidemics/cover. pdf on June 17, 2009.

To See and Not See Essay Example for Free

To See and Not See EssayHave you ever been blind and wherefore regained your sight even for a junior-grade while? Heres another interesting question. If you have been blind and regained your sight for just a little while then, how would you think and how would you feel? It is imaginable that you might experience happiness and excitement at being able to see a world that had been hugger-mugger from you for so long then, after a bit you might experience anger and frustration because of the difficulty adjusting to life as a sighted person. Therefore, it should deign as no surprise that these and many other emotions were felt by Virgil, Amy, and his family when he regained his sight after being blind for most of his life. However, despite an proceeding to regain his sight Virgil loses his sight once more. Both the book To See and Not See by Oliver Sacks and the dramatic impression called Love at graduation exercise great deal starring Val Kilmer as Virgil and Mira Sorvino as Amy tell Virgils remarkable story as his travels from darkness to light back to darkness again. The purpose of this paper is to correspond and contrast the story and the movie. In addition, I will provide some personal reflection concerning how I would function in everyday life if I were blind. The movie called At First Sight and the story To See and Not See has many goings. Some differences between the story and the movie are of import to how the reader/viewer makes note of the key differences and some differences between the story and the movie arent measurable to how the reader/viewer look at the differences between the two mediums.There are many case studies of other blind people who have regained their sight for a while just like Virgils case. In fact, the story illustrated these other case studies such as a patient who went by the initials H.S. in order to compare and track Virgil progress and degeneration after the operation (Sacks, 1994, 10). The movie didnt talk abou t other people who had been blind almost the entire lives and then regained their sight for a poor time. This difference isnt important to the evaluation of the two mediums. In contrast, there is a difference between the story and the movie that does make an important difference in looking at the key points between the two genres. In the story Virgil and Amy had met and dated many years before they met again and ultimately unify and in the movie Amy and Virgil had never met before they met at the spa. In addition, Amy in the movie had never been married and Amy in the story had been married before when she met Virgil.This is an important difference because some people when they have gone through life changing events such as moving and divorce would contact someone they care and felt comfortable around. Therefore, it makes perfect sense that Amy would contact Virgil who she had dated before and felt comfortable with him. Also, the fact that in the story Amy and Virgil got married and in the movie Amy and Virgil are just dating make a huge difference because married people might stay together in times of crisis and a dating couple may decide that being together in times of crisis isnt worth it and they may break up. Also, I think that the fact that Amy has health problems in the story and she doesnt have health problems in the movie provides her with different motivations for Virgil having the operation to restore his vision. In the movie At First Sight, Amy motivation for Virgil having the operation may be grounded in the fact that they are involved in a new love relationship. Also, she could wish Virgil to have the core surgery because she is a perfectionist and if he has the operation to restore he will be perfect in her eyes (At First Sight, 1999). In the movie it seems as if Amy equates having the operation with having the perfect life with Virgil.In contrast, Amy in the story has health problems herself such as diabetes and asthma. In fact, Amy had to quit her job as a phytologist due to her asthma (Sacks, 1994, 5). In the story, it seems as if Amys motivation for Virgil having the operation involves trying to help Virgil get better using the doctors that Amy uses to help her with her eye bridle ups due to diabetes (Sacks, 1994, 5). Due to the different motivations that prevail for Virgil having the operation the viewer of the movie might see Amy as selfish whereas the reader might feel for Amy and stock for her and Virgil because of their health problems. I think that it is hard to give a concrete answer to the question whether operations to restore sight should be performed. It seems as if some(prenominal) in the movie and in the story Virgil had more problems when he could see than when he was blind. In the story when Virgil was blind he enjoyed life more because he loved going to the zoo to touch the gorillas and the giraffes. He also loved listening to baseball games when he was blind. However, when he could see and he we nt to the zoo he wasnt allowed to touch any of the animals. Therefore he didnt enjoy the zoo. Also, he lost his job due to complications from the operation (Sacks, 1994, 15, 20).Therefore, it seems that Virgil had freedom and independence when he was blind and he acted like a scared little child when he could see a bit. In fact, in the movie Virgil screams when he hears garish horns and sees bright colored cars coming at him (At First Sight, 1999). Therefore, based on these two examples it would seem that there needs to be more discussion and perspective before allowing operations that restore sight. I think that people who have had their sight restored should have the option to have a Seeing Eye dog-iron until they adjust to the world as a sighted person. If I were blind then, I would have to have to have much help in scholarship to adjust to not being able to see. I am an avid reader and I love to cook and bake. Therefore, it would be hard getting utilise to reading with my h ands and learning a different way of cooking and baking. I would be frustrated if I regained my sight and then lost it again I feel for Virgil in both the story and as I watched the movie. However, I felt more sympathy for Amy in the story rather than Amy in the movie. I think the moral of both the story and the movie is sight doesnt always give you the freedom or perfection that you seek.

Open Loop Control Method For Conveyor Belt Transmission Engineering Essay

Open Loop Control Method For transporter Belt Transmission technology EssayBefore the advent of modern automation techniques, federal agenty workers often had to travel from project to project. The cumulative effect of exclusively this physical motion was special stress and inefficient apply of the workers time. The maturation of car transporter whangs allowed the project to come to the worker, instead of the worker to the project. Parts could be arrest be transported by other conveyer overhead knockings to additional workers, and flushtually to the shipping docks for delivery.Many conveyer belt belt outs work on the principle of variable zip up control. If a particular belt trends too slowly, workers may find themselves waiting for parts. If a conveyor belt moves too quickly, parts may be detrimentd or workers may become everywherewhelmed. Much of a factory supervisors time is pass adjusting conveyor belts for maximum efficiency. This is especially important in food production factories, where conveyor belt secureness and proper preparation time work hand in hand.Project objectivesModeling of a open-loop control method for conveyor belt transmissionModeling of a close-loop speed control method for conveyor belt transmissionResearch on the performance comparison for variable mass material input1.2 Organization of thesisChapter 2 This chapter thoroughly introduce what conveyor transmission brass is and provides a brief history about it. Six categories of typical conveyor transmission schema afford been introduced. It likewise explains the sources and types of breakdowns in conveyor belt, as well as the effect of those breakdowns cause in the transmission line. Then, this chapter also discusses about the importance to have speed control for the conveyor belt transmission system.Chapter 3 This chapter mainly focus on different types of rams. It specifically explains about the AC a contemporaneous move which is the most widely used in heavy industry. The different speed control methods of AC asynchronous pushs have been comp ard in several aspects.Chapter 4 In this chapter, PID ascendance is discussed in details for process control, including its definition, history, applications, tuning method and implementation. Unlike other kinds of papers concerning PID control approach, the weakness and bad behavior were brought about as well so that an objective picture of PID method could be completed.Chapter 5 At the outset, this chapter conducts some key modeling process, and then provides the complete models for simulation both of open-loop control and close-loop speed control. With these models, simulation results ignore be draw off to make some comparisons. The close-loop results show the performance of different controller parameters on the transmission system with a variable mass material input on several discrete speed value, corresponding to the open-loop booze-ups those seem non to be kinda good.Chapt er 6 This chapter summarizes reciprocation and conclusion about the performance of speed control on the transmission system, and then gives out some recommendations and future(a) whole shebang that can be d unitary in speed control for conveyor belt transmission system.2.0 CONVEYOR BELT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM conveyer belts argon generally endless loops which move parts or materials from ace location to another. Conveyor belts argon often driven by variable speed electric motors or by other moving parts in a complex system. They are commonly found in factories, grocery stores, warehouses and universal transportation centers.Further refinement of conveyor belts allowed factory managers to create alter or semi-automated production lines. Individual parts could be moved through automated autory for routine processing, leaving workers free for quality control tasks or other higher(prenominal) responsibilities. Conveyor belts also proved useful for transporting heavy or hazardous pr oducts, reducing worker injuries.The use of conveyor belts is not restricted to factories. Bakeries and pizza shops often use a slow-moving wire conveyor belt to move their products through an oven. Grocery stores use conveyor belts in their check-out lines to bring items to the clerk and bagger. Airports and other public transportation systems use conveyor belts to deliver checked luggage to customers. Warehouses use long conveyor belts to offload products from incoming trucks or to load outgoing ones. Escalators found in department stores could also be considered conveyor belts, as are people movers in crowingr airports.2.1 HistoryPrimitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a serial of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying ember, ores and other products.6 In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for u se in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford get Companys Highland Park, Michigan factory.7 In 1972, the French society REI created in red-hot Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer. In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over formal belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear.Mbius strip belts are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made much(prenominal) changeless by constructing them from several layers of different materials.8. In 1970, Intralox, a Louisiana based company, registered the first patent for all plastic, modular belting. In 1963-64, First Indian small(a) Scale Industrial Unit w ith Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor sing has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal/Mineral establishments, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades2.2 Types of Conveyor System2.2.1 Wheel Conveyor SystemA wheel conveyor systems setup consists of skate wheels that are mounted on an axle displace in a row. Depending on the weight of the material being transported, adjustment of both the wheel spacing and the pitch for load movement is provided. Being simpler in construction, the system is flexible, scalable and more than economical with light-duty applications as compared to a roller conveyor system.2.2.2 Roller Conveyor SystemA roller conveyor system has twain variants, but both utilize a minimum of three rollers that provide aliment to the smallest load all the time. Then there are tapered rollers that orient the load around a curved path. The gravity-type system is alternative to the wheel conveyor system that is used for heavy-duty applications. It utilizes a slope for load movement to facilitate the accumulation process. The great supplyed variant utilizes a belt or chain drive for force-sensitive power transmission useful in merging and/or sorting applications.2.2.3 Chain Conveyor SystemA chain conveyor system has one or more endless custody that directly carry the load. These chains are placed in a parallel chain manner that can be used in transporting pallets. unrivaled variant is the vertical chain conveyor that is used for transferring loads continuously in a vertical direction at high speeds.2.2.4 Slat Conveyor SystemA slat conveyor system uses slats placed at discrete positions, and these slats are connected to a chain. Through drives that control orientation and pose of the load, the transported unit is able to retain its position objet dart being conveyed. The system is used in applications transporting heavy loads that might otherwise damage the belt as in bottling and canning nominates.2.2.5 Vibrating Conveyor SystemIn vibrating conveyor systems, the main component is an elongated load-carrying structure called a trough, bed or tube, based on the application it is used for. A vibrating mechanism produces small amplitude vibrations at a high frequency. This conveys the individual product units and bulk materials. Due to its unique working(a) manner, it can be used to transport almost all kinds of granular as well as free-flowing materials.2.2.6 Pneumatic Conveyor SystemA pneumatic conveyor system uses tube-shaped structures or ducts known as transportation lines. These ducts carry material mixture along with an air stream. The load gets transported to various locations through pipe lines propelled by the high velocity air streams.2.3 Components and BreakdownsThe belt conveyor system (BCS) c onsists of (fig. 3) drive unit (electric motor, coupling multistage gearbox), pulleys (drive pulley and other), belts (textile or with steel cords) with their joints, idlers, other (belt killing systems, control system, etc.)Fig 2.3.1 Belt conveyor transmission system componentsIn this section we will consider the type of faults that may appear in belt conveyor systems with reference to conveyor component s.The drive unit consist of electric motor, damping coupling, devil or three stage gear-box and coupling that connect turnout shaft with pulley (fig. 8). A crucial object in this subsystem is gearbox. According to Matuszewski 5 in a considered lignite open cast mine even 14% of gearboxes may be replaced each year due to unexpected failures. These failures are related to the geared wheel wear or damages (broken tooth) and bearings (mainly over destine backlash due to environmental bear upon, also typical failures like outer/inner race, rolling element).The mining pulley consist of two bearings, shaft, shell and lotion (special material in golf-club to improve belt-pulley contact). The most frequent failures for pulleys are bearings and shells. For gearboxes number of failures related to geared wheels is 50%. Other critical failure is the damage of input shafts (probably because of overloading) . It may be surprising that bearing faults are not so frequent in gearboxes.The failure analysis of idlers and belts are a bend different issue 7, 8, 11. Idlers are used for supporting belts with transported materials. In some sense, idlers are similar to pulleys and consist of bearings and shells. One may expect similar types of failures. The support system for belt consists of three idlers. Because of different load for each idler commonly side idlers are more subjected to damage. It needs to be added that in CM context of idlers change of condition is not the only one. Worn bearings in idlers will significantly increase external load for drive units so power consumption will increase. Damaged idlers and pulleys may be the reason of damage for belts.Depends on application, belts used in conveyor systems may be divided into two groups textile belts and steel cords belts. In belowground mines usually the textile belts are used. In lignite mines both types may be applied. Expected problems for belts are related to belt (tear, puncture, cut of belt and abrasion of bottom/top covers) and its joints (connected use glue, vulcanized or mechanic joint) 10, 11. Because of dimension and weight of a belt it needs to be transported in rolls, pieces up to 100-400 m long, depends on a belt type. In set out to replace damaged a gearbox or pulley heavy machinery is questd. In some parapraxiss due to environmental impact (for example rain) it takes a few times longer time.If one consider the impact of damaged idlers it is another story. The idlers are quite small in comparison to pulleys however, number of idlers is huge. Damaged idlers may cause fa ilure of belt (the cut of a belt) or even may start fire (belt pilferping on damaged idler may increase temperature up to 400C, 450C is the destine for so called difficult-to-burn belt) and as it was mentioned energy consumption is arising dramatically.Any of mentioned failure gene consecrates cost of breakdown of machines working in series. It as to be mentioned that a conveyor system, that with stochastic material to be transferred the smoothness and stability of the conveyor belt transmisssion system should be guaranteed to extend all the components lifetime.2.4 Significance of ResearchThe belt conveyor is one of key components for most of manufacturing systems. Intelligent control of the conveyor leads to the feasibility of a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). For most of the assembly lines in manufacturing systems, different processing works applied to products mainly come from workers who is sitting along the conveyor. The products are conveyed by the belt conveyor from o ne working area to the next. If the average number of products enter one working area is greater than the average number leaving that area, the manufacturing process stagnates. It means that conveying speed is too fast so that more products are conveyed to workers in that working area than the quantity they can extend. Therefore, the conveying speed of belt conveyor needs to be adaptively changed based on the doldrums condition at each working area. On the other hand, if the defective rate of products monitored at outlet of conveyor is too large even though no stagnation has occurred at each working area, the conveyor still needs to be adaptively slowed down so that workers have more time to give their processing works with more cares In the long run, maximum number of manufactured products conveyed to the outlet of conveyor is hoped to be achieved if the speed of belt conveyor can be intelligently controlled Since the conveyor is driven by a servo motor, adaptive control algorit hm can be designed to control the motor speed based on stagnation conditions at working areas or the defective rate monitored at the conveyor outlet.In addition, belt conveyor is one of main electromechanical systems in heavy industry, especially in the coal transport system, its safe operation plays an important role in the whole coal output systems.Safety is an important aspect in our life, and coal mine still is a high-risk industry in the world. As one of main components in the coal transport system, the safe operation of belt conveyor plays an important role in the whole coal output systems. As the belt conveyors get longer, quicker and bulkier, it is often occurred that the belt rupture, coal vibration, belt slip on the drive pulley, uncontrolled running of the belt conveyor, belt fire and other guard accidents, which bring huge economical losses and threat miner life. In order to insure the miner safety and the normal production, it is significant to carry on safety investig ation of the belt conveyor. Higher productivity and reliability are common goals for conveyor systems in mining operations. Key objectives include optimized mass flows, trim energy costs and a well-coordinated workflow between the conveying and transport processes.And the key to this problem is to make sure that the transmission system should be run at a smooth and steady speed. In a word, the steady speed of the conveyor belt transmission system is vitally important.wiki3.0 MOTORS FOR CONVEYOR3.1 general MotorsAn electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of motion they give.3.1 Conveyor Motor TypesFor a conveyor transmission system, the drive unit develops with time. And the motors still using in this era come to the 4 main types brushed DC motor brushed DC motor . The working mechanism of the 4 kinds are discussed as well as their merits and drawbacks.3.2.1 brushed DC motorsA brushed DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutatora long-wearing rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor coil windings as the shaft rotates. The magnets field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetised field produced by either permanent magnets or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft.Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes qualification and breaking circ uits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating transgresss between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections and hence coil ends momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical racquet sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly elem ent, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replenishment it usually requires replacing the whole rotor. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear.3.2.2 brushed DC motorIn this motor, the mechanical rotating switch or commutator/brush gear assembly is replaced by an external electronic switch synchronized to the rotors position. Brushless motors are typically 85-90% efficient or more whereas DC motors with brush are typically 75-80% efficient.Brushless DC motors are commonly used where precise speed control is necessary. They have several advantages over conventional motorsthey are very efficient, running much cooler than the other equivalent motors without a commutator to wear out, the life of a DC brushless motor can be significantly longer compared to a DC motor using brushes and a commutator brushless motors have no chance of spar king, unlike brushed motors, making them better suited to environments with volatile chemicals and fuels. Also, sparking generates ozone which can accumulate in poorly ventilated buildings risking harm to occupants health.Modern DC brushless motors trudge in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts. Larger brushless motors up to about 100 kW rating are used in electric vehicles. There are many applications using a Brush DC Motor that could instead utilize the Brushless DC Motor. However a few factors might prevent the changeover. The first factor is start-up cost. Although the Brushless DC Motor is lower-maintenance than the Brush DC Motor, initial cost is more expensive, due to its advantageous construction. Second is complexity. A controller is required in order to operate a Brushless DC Motor, and is usually more convoluted than most controllers. A Brushless DC Motor also requires additional system wiring, in order to power the electronic commutation circuitry.3.2.3 a synchronous AC motorAn asynchronous AC motor is an foundation motor where power is transferred to the rotor by electromagnetic induction, much like transformer action. . Polyphase induction motors are widely used in industry.The simple design of AC motor is simply a series of three windings in the exterior ( stator coil) section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the rotor to rotate around the axis of the ac motor. The AC motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor for applications which require more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of ac motor. Meanwhile, the simple design of the AC motor results in passing reliable, low maintenance operation. Unlike the DC motor, there are no brushes to replace for ac motors. If run in the appropriate environment for its enclosure, AC motor can expect to need new bearings after several years of operation. In fact if the application is well designed, an AC motor may not need new bearings for more than a decade.Although the most common and simple industrial motor is the three phase AC induction motor, there are still disadvantages of ac motor.Expensive speed controlThe electronics required to handle an AC inverter drive are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met meaning that the required speed clip is over 1/3rd of base speed AC inverters and AC motors are usually more cost-effective than DC motors and DC drives for applications larger than about 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. inability to operate at low speedsStandard AC motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of base speed. This is due to caloric considerations. In fact a DC motor should be considered for these applications.Poor positioning controlPositioning control is also expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is ve ry crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Servo motors are more appropriate for these applications.3.2.4 contemporary Electric MotorA synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torsion.These motors can be made to operate at leading power factor and thereby improve the pf of an industrial plant from one that is normally lagging to one that is close to unity. And the key feature of a synchronous AC motor is it operates at a constant speed, disregardless of load, from no-load to full load. As well, electromagnetic power varies linearly with the applied voltage. These motors can be constructed with wider air gapes than induction motors making them mechanically better.Whats more, eff iciency of operation is usually high, especially in the low speed and unity power factor ranges.However, the disadvantages are also quite obvious. These motors cannot be used for variable speed jobs as there is no possibility of speed adjustment. And it requires external source for supplying dc excitation, cannot be started under load, the starting crookedness being zero, may overhaul out of synchronism and stop when over-loaded and so on. In addition, for some applications these motors are not desirable as for driving shafts in small work-shops having no power available for starting and in cases where frequent starting or strong starting crookedness is required.3.3 AC Motor for ConveyorThrough the comparisons above, transmission system with AC motors are simple to make and can be reliable.And for the low cost, AC motors are overwhelmingly preferred for fixed speed applications in our industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. In fact over 90% of all motors are AC induction motors. AC induction motors are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications.Using an AC drive for conveyor control allows the speed to be adjusted to changing needs. A partly loaded conveyor with a higher speed than necessary wastes energy and causes uncalled-for wear. In controlling conveyors, AC drives also improve process control by enabling the collection of measurement and supervision information. The soft start of the conveyor with AC drives reduces the stress on gearboxes when the conveyor is started.This paper mainly deals with the AC asynchronous motors, because for industry like coal mine, the asynchronous ones are the mainstream with many lucky applications.In the design of the induction motor, operational characteristics can be determined through a series of calculations. Performing these calculations can help the engi neer provide a motor that is best suited to a particular application.3.3.1 SYNCHRONOUS SPEEDThe speed with which the stator magnetic field rotates, which will determine the speed of the rotor, is called the Synchronous Speed (SS). The SS is a function of the frequencyof the power source and the number of poles (pole pairs) in the motor. The relationshipto calculate the SS of an induction motor isWhereSS = Synchronous Speed (RPM)f = frequency (cycles / second) = 60P = number of poles (pole pairs)3.3.2 MOTOR SLIPThe rotor in an induction motor can not turn at the synchronous speed. In order to induce an EMF in the rotor, the rotor must move slower than the SS. If the rotor were to somehow turn at SS, the EMF could not be generate in the rotor and therefore the rotor would stop. However, if the rotor stopped or even if it slowed significantly, an EMF would once again be induced in the rotor bars and it would begin rotating at a speed less than the SS.The relationship between the rotor speed and the SS is called the Slip. Typically, the Slip is expressed as a percentage of the SS. The equation for the motor Slip isWhere%S = Percent SlipSS = Synchronous Speed (RPM)RS = Rotor Speed (RPM)3.3.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITTo discerp the operating and performance characteristics of an induction motor, anEquivalent Circuit can be drawn. We will consider a 3-phase, Y connected machine, theEquivalent Circuit for the stator is as shown belowFig 3.3.1 Equivalent CircuitWhereV1 = Stator Terminal VoltageI1 = Stator CurrentR1 = Stator Effective ResistanceX1 = Stator outpouring ReactanceZ1 = Stator Impedance (R1 + jX1)IX = Exciting Current (this is comprised of the core loss component = Ig, and a magnetizing current = Ib)E2 = Counter EMF (generated by the air gap flux)3.4 Speed Control of AC Asynchronous MotorWith respect to the use of AC asynchronous motor, when used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque de veloped by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal. Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant. So the speed control of an AC asynchronous motor in the industry world is quite important.From Equ.1 we can get the speed torque characteristic of the machine as Fig. 3.3.2. The curve is rather steep and goes from zero torque at synchronous speed to the stall torque at a value of %S. Normally Slip may be such that stall torque is about three times that of the rated operating torque of the machine, and hence may be about 0.3 or less. This means that in the entire loading range of the machine, the speed change is quite small. The machine speed is quite stiff with respect to load changes. The entire speed variation is only in the range SS to (1%S)SS, SS being dependent on supp ly frequency and number of poles.Fig 3.3.2 Relationship between torque and speed of induction motorThe coming discussion shows that the several speed control methods for induction machine, when operating from mains is essentially a constant speed machine. Many industrial drives, typically for conveyor in a belt transmission system, have typically constant speed requirements and hence the induction machine is ideally suited for these. However,the induction machine, especially the squirrel cage type, is quite rugged and has a simple construction. Therefore it is good candidate for variable speed applications if it can be achieved.3.4.1 Applied voltage controlOne may note that if the applied voltage is reduced, the voltage across the magnetizing branch also comes down. This in turn means that the magnetizing current and hence flux level are reduced. Reduction in the flux level in the machine impairs torque production. If, however, the machine is running under lightly loaded conditions, then operating under rated flux levels is not required. Under such conditions, reduction in magnetizing current improves the power factor of operation. Some amount of energy saving may also be achieved.Voltage control may be achieved by adding series resistors (a lossy, inefficient proposition),or a series inductor/autotransformer (a bulky solution) ora more modern solution using semiconductor devices. A typical solid state circuit used for this purpose is the AC voltage controller or AC chopper. Another use of voltage control is in the so-called soft-start of the machine.3.4.2 Rotor apology controlClearly, the rotator speed is dependent on the rotor resistance. Further, the maximum value is independent of the rotor resistance. The slip at maximum torque is dependent on the rotor resistance. Therefore, we may expect that if the rotor resistance is changed, the maximum torque point shifts to higher slip values, while retaining a constant torque.Note that while the maximum torque an d synchronous speed remain constant, the slip at which maximum torque occurs increases with increase in rotor resistance, and so does the starting torque. whether the load is of constant torque type or fan-type, it is evident that the speed control range is more with this method. Further, rotor resistance control could also be used as a means of generating high starting torque.For all its advantages, the scheme has two sobering drawbacks. Firstly, in order to vary the rotor resistance, it is necessary to connect external variable resistors (winding resistance itself cannot be changed). This, therefore necessitates a slip-ring machine, since only in that case rotor terminals are available outside. For cage rotor machines, there are no rotor terminals. Secondly, the method is not very efficient since the additional resistance and operation at high slips entails dissipation.The resistors connected to the slip-ring brushes should have good power dissipation capability.3.4.3 Cascade con trolThe power drawn from the rotor terminals could be spent more usefully. Apart from using the heat generated in meaning full ways, the slip ring output could be connected to another induction machine. The stator of the second machine would carry slip frequency currents of the first machine which would generate some useful mechanical power. A still better survival of the fittest would be to mechanically couple the shafts of the two machines together. This sort of a connection is called cascade connection and it gives some measure of speed control as shown below. permit the frequency of supply given to the first machine be f1, its number poles b

Resiliency in Homelessness

Resiliency in HomelessnessProblem StatementThere is a great deal of research into resiliency in children, whether they be housed or stateless. However, there is less research about resilience in adults, whether they be housed or homeless. This does non make sense to me. Childrens well- be, which includes their resilience, is directly correlated with that of the adults in their families. Women currently earn 60 cents for every dollar a man earns with a wider ethnic pay gap (CCH, page 3). Families with children make up thirty-five percent of the homeless population, with the remaining sixty-five percent of the homeless population being wiz individuals (CCH, page 1). Get data on s headed by single parents, especially female-headed families. According to the City of cabbage 2007 Point in Time Count, the racial demographics of the homeless population were Afri usher out Ameri grass 75 percent White 16 percent Latino 6 percent (CCH, FAQ). Strength in the flavour of adversity is o ne of the most weighty characteristics you can run into on. Challenges and disappointments are inevitable in life. Resilience is one of the keys to life satisfaction. Resilience can swear out counteract depression, enhances kins, helps us deal with sudden and unexpected challenges, as well as those we anticipate and cannot subjugate. It also safeguards us against long-term difficulties.Given this reality I decided to canvass if resilience reduces negative effects of homelessness in adults and in their intonation after becoming housed. The information I find can be useful for those work with adults who are homeless and those making the transition from homelessness to housing.MethodologyI wrote 10 dubietys ground on the theory found in a literature refreshen on resilience. I hearinged five experts in the field of homelessness Erin Ryan MSW, the Executive Director of Lincoln Park Community Shelter (LPCS) Ms. Jen Patterson, Director of Development and Communications at Ho using Opportunities for Women (HOW) Mr. Steven Skovensky, Ms. Natalie Hutchinson, and Ms. Ann Birhle, are Resident Services Managers at Mercy Housing Lakefront. LPCS, HOW and Mercy Housing are located in Chicago. All five interviewees be in possession of at least five years working with the homeless and those housed after being homeless. I chose Mr. Skovensky, Ms. Patterson, Ms. Hutchinson and Ms. Birhle because after working with them from approximately 2000-2003. (I currently work with Ms. Hutchinson, Ms. Birhle and Mr. Skovensky.) compose I asked Ms. Ryan after becoming acquainted with some of Lincoln Park Community Shelters graduates. I asked an Executive Director of another shelter in Chicago but there was no response from her. Ms. Ryans phone interview lasted 30 minutes, due to a prior commitment she later answered oral sexs sent by email. Ms. Pattersons interview lasted an hour at her office. Mr. Skovenskys and Ms. Birhles interviews lasted approximately 40 minutes in thei r offices. Ms. Hutchinsons interview lasted an hour in her office. footnotes The questions I asked each person were 1) their definition of resilience 2) if brisk clients be accept polarly than those who are less racy 3) if resilience can be taught 4) if resilience can be taught in a difficult stake 5) the strengths and limitations or shortcomings the clients shoot 6) if men and women show resilience in different rooms 7) cultural, racial or ethnic differences in how resilience is shown 8) how their organizations work with clients/residents to fancy resilience 9) if resilience can ease the negative effects of homelessness and the transition to being housed 10) if there was any topic important I did not ask them about question SummaryEveryones definitions of resilience agree with each others and mirror literature. Examples of resilience given included the ability to align to ones circumstances, the ability to black market forward when faced with challenges and/or barriers, wh ich are different for everyone and have multiple layers, like jobs, families, and so on (Patterson, Ryan) the ability to persevere and bounce back under uttermost(prenominal) conditions and overcome extreme barriers ability to recover and rebound from difficult or sufferingtic experiences (Skovensky) an ability to recover and rebound from difficult or traumatic experiences and learn from them and create lordly change (Hutchinson) Ms. Patterson mentioned that someones social network, which allows heap to be much(prenominal) resilient that plunk for system disappearing is the worst thing that happens before someone goes to HOW. commonwealth urgency to use their skills and support network to navigate and re pretend. The adaptability piece the ability to shift and change easily is key. The resilient person has an easier time because life is constantly changing.Barriers whitethorn include any form of trauma, like violence, loss, addiction, mental health crises, incarceration, becoming homeless, and the public health system (being ill and not having insurance). Primarily one of the regretful things of resilience is overcoming what would incapacitate most state (Skovensky). Responses varied when participants were asked if more(prenominal) resilient clients behave differently than those who are less resilient. Those less resilient might take a couple steps backward or not move forward in a way they thought they could. The person might move from the shelter to housing, found they werent as ready as they thought, and move back into the shelter. Some clients might need more support, such as a aspect manager in an on-site office or someone ensuring they take their meds daily or need transportation daily (Patterson). Erin sight that often the hardest thing to overcome is a persons stereotypes of what homelessness is.LPCS staff encounters what appears to a denial system in place. More educated people often act like theyre fall apart than others. People ar e sometimes unwilling to help until defenses are broken. Its important to help people come to damage with it during what Ms. Ryan called a grief process, which some handle ameliorate than others. Some are more willing to network, are open to suggestion, willing to take advice, more open-minded and talk to people they have more tender-hearted connections. Those who are more isolated have a more difficult time. This includes people dealing with chronic distemperes, whether physical or mental illnesses. Mitigating factors can elaborate things for people, with the admission they need help and the willingness to accept it being important. This is especially true with addiction. This also reflects the literature on resilience. which? Mr. Skovensky mentioned two things that stand out for him 1) those who appear more resilient seem to have an element of using humor as a coping mechanism they seemed to laugh, smile, almost incongruent with their experiences.Youd think theyd be alone demo ralized but they could laugh and smile and keep moving forward. 2) Using their creativity using art, and/or writing to chronicle their experience. One person in the photography group saying it made him feel better about his life and his troubles may be more about self-esteem than resilience though. someone sharing their experiences in their writing inspired others in the writing group it helps the writer and the audience (Skovensky). This reflected what Smith and her colleagues found. More resilient people dont seem to be as stuck in bypast hurt or mired down. They have the ability to roll with the punches a smudge better. More resilient people dont individualize things as much, dont say that negative things are being directed specifically at them they can contextualize things better. its easier to ask for help because they dont take things personally. They can rely on in stock(predicate) resources more easily, feel more of a sense of community, and take awayment (Hutchinson) . Ms. Ryan and Ms. Patterson believe that the basic principles and concepts of resilience can be taught. However, imparting that information people must be willing to put that information into practice. Some people say want to be told what to do but the most one can do is lay out the options available so the client can make their decisions from there.As Ms. Patterson said, clients must do it for themselves. Mr. Skovensky believes that resilience may have more to do with character. Resiliency seems more like a character trait or something engrained in our personality than a skill. Which paper is this like? Coping mechanisms, which involve specific strategies for dealing with problems or concerns, are skills that can be taught. Examples understanding your support system and the fibre it plays understanding resources available understanding how to process vexation in a way not detrimental to you or others understanding its okay to say no to situations, dont have to be all things to all people only thing one can own is your own actions, not others actions. Resiliency, on the other hand, seems more intangible in how you can measure and explain. As a result it is hard to describe who is resilient and who isnt. Like Ms. Birhle, Ms. Hutchinson believes resilience can be encouraged but requires a certain kind of prospect that can be modeled for people. Resilience comes from a particular way of looking at the world, a particular perspective, which can be taught. People who are more resilient feel more of a we instead of us vs. them. Anyone can teach anything to someone willing to learn. If someone isnt ready for the change, then wherefore even consider it?People can be taught different ways of coping if the person is ready and open to learning it. This reminded me of the pre-contemplative stage described by James Prochaska and his colleagues. In this stage, there is no intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future many people are unaware or under-aware of their problems, despite the fact that their friends and families are well aware of the problems (Prochaska, DiClimente, Norcross, 1992). When it comes to teaching resilience in difficult situations, there was some disagreement. Ms. Patterson said yes but also hold that it is harder to take a step back from things and take a long-term perspective during hard times, especially if one hasnt practiced at it. Ms. Ryan said she thinks different coping skills can be taught which, over time, can make one more resilient. People can also experience a shift in world-view as a result of tragedy or joy that can increase resilience, such as a cultural, spiritual, or otherwise awakening (such as hit rock bottom in an addiction). For Ms. Hutchinson, it is either the best or worst of time to teach resilience, depending on the person. In substance abuse, it is similar to hitting bottom before being ready to change. A tree will bend or break in a industrial-strength wind. Resilience is the change shape tree. Have to notice the need for it, and be willing to try it. When I asked if people can improve on their resilience, Ms. Hutchinson said yes like stretching and exercise, it becomes easier the more someone does it. Mr. Skovensky disagreed, saying he believes that coping skills can be taught but is not convinced that resilience can be taught, since he believes it is a personality/character trait. For him, it comes back to a persons life experience and personality (Skovensky). I then asked about strengths they see in their clients. Ms. Patterson sees many strengths in HOW clients, including the motivation to go after and improve their lives, the willingness to take responsibilities of living, initiative, determination, and the willingness to take control of their lives. The clients are willing to reframe their experiences and how they define and see themselves.Ms. Ryan sees diverse strengths with mainly cultural differences. Some people tend to have stronger ties with famil y support systems, or churches or other groups. Also, those who have grown up without as many opportunities, who are closer to poverty, are usually a bit more resourceful in terms of using internal coping skills and resilience. Some cultures look on the concept of community and it is not shameful to ask for help, whereas others value independence and self-reliance more. The it takes a child vs. bootstraps philosophies. In Ms. Ryans opinion, the first one is more helpful in terms of long-term resilience from something as desolate as homelessness. For Mr. Skovensky, the ones who have been the most resilient have some insight into their own situation, insight into whatever their barriers are (whether addiction and recovery, or mental illness). Having an outlet, whether its fictive or a good sense of humor, that gives them the ability to place it in context. Having a good support system is vital. Resilient people dont let themselves be labeled (like Im an alcoholic, Im bipolar, etc.) . They exhibit a willingness to take responsibility for their lives. Ms. Hutchinson sees hopefulness, determination, a sense of purpose, tenacity, the ability to forgive themselves and others, the willingness to ask for assistance, and endurance.When asked about limitations or shortcomings, the answers varied somewhat. For Mr. Skovensky, it includes the inability to build/sustain relationships with anyone (case manager or family member) flat-out addiction. A sub-grouping of that is a lack of insight into how an addiction can be affecting their life. Being unwilling to ask for help. For Ms. Hutchinson, the question about shortcomings was a one. She doesnt like to think of it as a shortcoming because it is a value judgment in a way. For her, it includes being challenged by past traumas, which clients see as making it difficult for them to move have less energy for the present if burdened by the past or past trauma weighted down trying to find a quality and struggling to do so difficul ty accepting responsibility for decisions or actions. Those with less resilience tend to have an outward locus of control things happen to them. They are more reactive than proactive. Resilient people have the ability to accept things rather than fight them instead of wherefore me, its why not me, its happened and now I have to respond. Most participants saw some difference in resilience based on gender. Ms. Patterson said there is an equality when the monetary dynamic and the accompanying power dynamic are removed. There might not be a lot of possessions or money but everyone was really strong because they want to find their way to somewhere safe. At RESTs womens shelter, women seemed a bit more territorial reserve as a way of showing they are valuable and contributing.At the Mens shelter they said yeah sure, go ahead. For Mr. Skovensky, its more difficult for women to succeed than men. Women have more barriers because the way society is set up. Its almost like they have to work harder to overcome barriers and trauma. I dont think I can comment on whether men or women are more resilient. Barriers include more violence (domestic, sexual abuse during childhood) against women, more stereotyping and expectation of what womens roles are, exploitation of women on the street (prostitution), nonequivalent power dynamic in society. The literature I found does not explore differences and similarities in how men and women show resilience and the role socialization plays in those behaviors. Ms. Birhle and Ms. Hutchinson agreed that men and women display differences due to gender socialization playing a role. Sometimes men think they have to be rugged individualists. As a result it may more difficult for them to ask for help in certain things be vulnerable or show vulnerable feelings (Hutchinson). plot of ground Ms. Birhle does not subscribe to women are this way and men are a different way, she noticed that it takes men more time to ask for help. They try to absorb it up, saying I can handle it. Ms. Ryan said there were differences at a surface level but not much individually.The issues are the equivalent with men and women exhibiting similar reactions. I asked Ms. Hutchinson and Ms. Birhle if there are any differences along racial or ethnic lines. Ms. Hutchinson said that it might have more to do with class issues then ethnicity. Its about introduction to resources in a way. If you dont have resources, it plays a bigger role than ethnicity or bunk, which is more about economics than race or ethnicity. If people feel there is a place to reach out to theyll do it. We can find differences in places people have access to resources than the role race plays, which tends to be more monetary. A white person may have skin privilege. A white person might not feel harassed in a store where a person of color does. I consider this to be significant since she is black. Ms. Birhle noticed it mainly with nonage communities. African-Americans and Asians te nd to ________ more of a stigma as a result members of those communities tend to a harder time doing it. Asians are more private mental illness is considered a problem and they might not get help. African-American people in our society have adapted to more oppressive situations and probably been resilient to racism and lack of great opportunity. On the one hand, African-Americans can be really resilient because they have always dealt with a lot black people have to work harder. On the other hand, the environment contributes to a lot of problems, whether violence or poor education and not seeing a way out. It is different for whites. Blacks having less access to resources and racism, which is institutionalized in society. There is a similarity class-wise (economically) across race and ethnicity but whites dont have the issue of race in this societyInterview Summary 2I asked what the organizations do to help their clients with resilience. Ms. Patterson said that HOW teaches their clie nts what they need to do but wont do it for them. I was futile to ask Ms. Ryan. The LPCS website mentions three tracks clients can participate in that help with substance abuse recovery, mental and physical health, and job hunting. These tracks helps clients identify and address the reasons why they are homelessness and the barriers they face to becoming self-sufficient. Clients are required to participate in one or more track. These programs reflect information about resilience in terms of the capacity to make realistic plans and take steps to carry them out a positive view of yourself and confidence in your strengths and abilities skills in communication and problem solving and finding help. Mercy Housing Lakefront plys many run and programs for its residents. Mercy Housing Lakefronts model of engagement of providing supportive housing with on-site case focusing and trying to treat people like adults and not forcing them to make changes and dealing with people where theyre at, I think in developing a good relationship with them, developing a community. Mercy Housing Lakefront also 1) tries to provide a lot of activities the form of Tenant Leadership program, creative opportunities (writing group, art group) 2) trying to provide a home, a safe place 3) referral to local services and benefits when residents ask for referrals (Birhle). offer encouragement and support that may strengthen or encourage resiliency through case management and groups, they work with people to develop coping skills (Skovensky). There is a program at the Belray Apartments called Motivation Mondays, which helps provide motivation for changing participants lives for the better. Group members gather resources emotionally, talk about self as a whole being. Participants are asked what they want to accomplish, what their barriers are, and what support do they need (Hutchinson). My last question was if resilience eases the negative effects of homelessness. Four of the five interviewees sa id yes. For Ms. Ryan, the more quickly people adapt, the more quickly theyre out of it, bounce back and avoid a downward spiral. Resilience includes capacity to make realistic plans and carry them out positive view of oneself self-confidence communication skills and problem-solving skills capacity to manage strong feelings and impulses (Ryan). Ms. Patterson stated that resilience helps people cope with the challenges, identify solutions and act on them. Resilience may not change the challenges and barriers people face but can help people cope (Patterson). For Ms. Hutchinson, resilience eases the negative effect of any trauma. Homelessness can be recognized as a temporary state. If they are resilient, they recognize they will come out of it and can come out of it. Their comments strongly reflect literature on resilience. Mr. Skovensky found it hard to answer that question, not undergo it himself. For him, he thinks it does help as a means of overcoming the negative effectsThe last q uestionThe last question asked if resilience helps people make the transition from homelessness to being housed. One reason I asked this question is I couldnt find anything in literature about this subject. Four of the five said yes. Ms. Patterson said that being housed presents a different set of challenges than being homeless. The challenges include maintaining a budget and home, developing relationships with the landlord and neighbors, connecting with area resources.Ms. Ryan relates resilience closely with adaptability. The better able someone is to adapt to a new situation, the more resilient they are. Making the transition from homelessness to housing is a big change, and requires adaptability in order to handle it well, especially if someone has been homeless for a long period of time. Ms. Hutchinson stated that resiliency is a positive quality which helps you move from one place to another. It is a response to stressors.For Ms. Birhle the staff noticed that for some resident s those less resilient homelessness takes such a toll, they are tired and want to just have their apartment. The more resilient a person is, the better able they are to adapt, and adapt to changes that are huge and stressful, recognizing when they need help and asking for it. Mr. Skovensky hopes resilience helps with that transition. They want people to know the services and groups that are available at the building and in community. The Delmar Apartments conducts a new tenant orientation, providing a cohort the person can be part of as a support system. This reflects the need for a support system in literature. I asked Ms. Hutchinson if there was anything I didnt ask that she considered to be important. She couldnt think of anything then began a dialog with me. She asked what I think is the core aspect of resilience?What is the most important thing, where if that one thing is absent you cant have resiliency? My answer was determination, tenacity if you dont have it, youre not go ing anywhere. Ms. Hutchinson then ask What about endurance? My response was that stepping back to recharge ones batteries isnt the same as quitting. Ms. Hutchinson said that maybe part of it alike is planning we cant be reactive all the time. Spending time to reflect is important since it is needed for recharging and learning. The ability to reflect on your experiences is so important allowing us the space for reflective thought. These important questions and the concepts they represent are not mentioned in the literature I found.RecommendationsStudy adult population and resilience. How does resilience help adults, especially those experiencing adversity? Study how resilience helps those making the transition from homelessness to being housed. Tailor services to what the person or family wants and needs. The decision as to what services the family or individual partake in should be a collaboration between the clients and service-providers. Study how Prochaskas work on whether the s tages of change relate to resilience. Why or why not? How can people be encouraged to move out of pre-contemplation and powerlessness to making positive changes? Study to learn best practices on what services best bolster and/or teach resilience. What are the best practices on learning how to turn negative experiences into lessons of growth. Study how tenacity, determination, endurance and reflecting on ones experiences relate to resilience. What role do those qualities play in resilience, if any? Study what the core aspect of resilience is, where resilience does not exist if that aspect is absent. Study how to ____________ that aspect numerous articles about building resilience are available on-line. This is unavailable for those without Internet connections and looking for information. How do creative arts (including art, writing, photography, and so on) play in resilience? How to they ______ resilience? Workshops and training classes on building resilience are available in many places. However, cost may be prohibitive to anyone with a low-income or unable to take time off work or lacks transportation to the workshop. Insurance, whether public or private, could pay for attending these workshops. Carpooling can provide transportation for those miss transit. Emphasizing employment as the main route out of poverty misses the mark, especially lacking an adequate education, and support system (childcare, adequate mental health, and so on). Explore the differences and similarities in how men and women show resilience and the role socialization plays in those behaviors.

Streak Plate And Viable Cell Count

Streak Plate And Viable Cell CountAim and introduction should display sixth sense into what the streak house and viable cell count method are employed to achieve. They should also introduce MacConkey agar and how its selective and differential properties tout ensembleow the characteristics of the footrace organism to be determined.Escherichia coli (E.coli)The aim of this experiment is to allow a certain bacterium to divide and mul crumplely enabling us to view the bacterium in a single cell structure. E.coli is one bacterium that is good for much(prenominal) an experiment. E.coli give the bounce be said to be both bad and harmless, round E.coli bacterium countenance are highly toxic and burn down harm humans and animals. However, the majority of E.coli strains are relatively harmless with low toxicity. These harmless strains of E.coli are set in motion naturally occurring in the human body, especially in areas such as the human intestines. Some E.coli net even benefit their hosts they do this by producing circumstantial vitamins. It is for reasons like the ones mentioned why E.coli is an appropriate bacteria to use for this experiment. Another reason is that E.coli bacterial cells have an average bacterial size of 2um this can be seen at a lower place a light microscope. Other bacteria however may be even smaller and may require a larger microscope for viewing or even an electron microscope. Also the pensiveness period for E.coli to multiply and grow rapidly isnt very long and temperatures arent too high or too low. E.coli can be incubated overnight at 37oC and then stored at 4oC until its requirement.The proficiency use to manipulate and isolate the E. coli bacteria is known as the streak plate performance. The technique was developed to allow bacteria to multiply and produce many colonies, during the incubation period, depending on the amount of bacteria deliver. Each dependency will contain millions of bacteria cells derived from a singl e parent cell. (Talk in much detail about this procedure). We will be using this technique to allow the E. coli to multiply and divide split up itself into colonies.The viable cell count, also known as viability count, is a method utilise to determine the number of living cells at bottom a suspension, in this end E. coli. To obtain an under(a)standing of how much E. coli cells are inclose in a sample this method must be put into action. (Expand)The MacConkey agar is specifically intentional to allow one thousand minus bacteria to grow its a recipe of many substances such as bile salts, sodium chloride proteose and many more. One of the properties of the MacConkey agar is its selective isolation and identification of bacteria it is a medium that allows us to distinguish yard-negative bacteria. E. coli is a rod shaped gram negative bacteria, so using the MacConkey agar plate to multiply it would be appropriate, the agar will also cause the E. coli to change influence from tap to red, and this is an indication of gram negative bacteria present.A Nutrient agar is a growth medium used for the cultivation of bacteria, this specific agar remains solid even at high temperatures. The gram-stain technique was developed for viewing cells clearly under a microscope and to enable us to establish their structures. It is a very simple procedure of provided adding 4 different substances matchly, however one of these substances is toxic to humans therefore the procedure must be carried out in a fume hood. The gram stain method was introduced byIt is important for scientists and medics to know the structure and function and identity of bacteria and viruses, it is for reasons like this why such experiments are carried out. Without such procedures so many bacteria and viruses wouldnt be known and could spread and become out of control.MethodsExplain why each procedure was done highlight key points say any deviation from protocol document any errors or difficult ies you had with the techniqueDiscuss the importance of aseptic technique and what ill-uses could be taken to proceed contaminant during manipulation of bacteriaAll methods were doing under aseptic conditions the reason for this is to prevent contamination of the bacteria during its manipulation. Many errors could arise if aseptic conditions arent used, eventually resulting is wrote results.Streaking bacteria on MacConkey agar methodPrior to the experiment, an E. coli sample was made and stipulation to during the virtual(a).Risk assessmentMaterials used10ml liquid culture of E. coli the bacteria sample to be use in this practicalSterile shaping loops used for transferring E.coli bacteria from one place to another uncontaminated.MacConkey agar plate used to allow E.coli bacteria to grow as it provides energy recourses and supportSharps bin for loops etc. these are used to keep the laboratory area as uncontaminated as come-at-able and to make sure bacteria doesnt spreadMar ker pens and labels to label the plate clapperclaw 1 using a stereotypical plastic loop I touched a given sample of E. coli and streaked an inoculum onto a MacConkey agar plate in a specific pattern (see..). This plastic loop is then disposed of into the sharps bin.Step 2 using another sterile plastic loop, I created a run of parallel lines from the edge of the initial streaksStep 3 step 2 was repeated 2 more times with a new sterile loop used.Step 4 a nett streak was made, creating a simple streak from the previous streaks into the centre of the plate. The picture below illustrates this.The MacConkey plate was then given to the technicians to incubate.It was important to dispose- on the plastic looks by placing them into the sharps bin because they are contaminated and if they touch any other surface it can lead to the spread of bacteria resulting in major contamination. Throughout this procedure plastic gloves and a lab-coat were worn, also to prevent contamination.Viable cell c ountsRisk assessmentMaterials usedP1000 and P100 pipettes and tips used to transfer certain amounts of PBS etc. triplet Nutrient agar plates10ml sterile PBS cowcatcher, used to maintain the pHSterile plastic spreaders to spread the E.coli on the Nutrient agar platesEight sterile bijoux bottles for dilutionsTo start the dilution, using a pipette I transferred 900 ul of diluents (PBS) in eight different sterile bijoux bottles. The PBS (phosphate buffered solution) solution is a commonly used buffer to maintain a pH it is used in this practical because of its ability to aid biological research. After the PBS was laid into the labelled bottles, using a new sterile tip for the pipette I transferred 0.1ml of E.coli liquid culture sample (neat) into the first bottle (10-1). For the dilution to continue a new pipette tip was situated and 0.1ml of the 10-1 diluted E.coli was transferred to the 10-2 bottle, this process continued up till bottle 10-8. By doing so the E.coli will become more and more dilute within the different solutions, because less E.coli is being added each time. 10-5, 10-6 and 10-7 samples were then spread onto three different Nutrient agar plates using different sterile plastic spreaders so contamination wouldnt occur. This was done by placing 0.1ml of each dilution onto the centre of the agar plate and then spreading it over with a sterile spreader. The agar plates were labelled and given to the technician for incubation.deoxyguanosine monophosphate Stain of bacteria from an isolated colonyRisk assessmentIn order to stain the bacteria I selected an appropriate colony to stain, the colony must appear to be uncontaminated and its appearance must obviously look grown.. After this procedure is complete, the bacterial cells will be visible under a microscope.Materials neededBunsen burner used to heat-fix bacteria onto microscope slideSaline (PBS) emulsifierLight microscope to view bacterial cellsLens tissue to clean the lens concentration oil for light microscope lens to allow better view at 100x magnificationStains for Gram stain methodBefore the bacteria can be modified to be viewed under the microscope clearly, the microscope glass slide must be cleaned to prevent contamination. After doing so a drop of sterile saline was placed onto the centre of the slide, the saline drop was placed because it can emulsify any bacterial colony that will be placed on top. To move virtually of the bacteria off the agar plate onto the slide, a sterile loop was used I touched the bacterial colony on the agar plate with the top of the loop and then spread the bacteria into the saline drop making it thin. Due to the moisture of the liquid I let the slide run dry then used a Bunsen-burner to heat-fix the bacteria onto the slide by passing it through a few times then allowing it to cool. Heat-fixing was done so that during the spot the bacteria or wouldnt move or fall off. Once that was complete the slide was move to a laboratory fu me hood where the staining can take place, the follow 4 stage method was used at first the bacteria sample on the slide was soaked in crystallisation empurplenessd for 30 seconds, later on so it was cleand with distilled water and debilitateed. The second part is to soak the bacteria with gram iodine (mordant) for another 30 seconds then rinse with distilled water and drain it. Gram iodine is a toxic substance it is for this particular reason why this part of the practical was carried out in a laboratory fume hood. Acetone decolouriser was then added for 10 second and the bacteria was again rinsed with distilled water and drained. The final part is to add Safranin, a counter stain, to the bacteria. It was placed on the bacteria for 30seconds and then the bacteria was further rinsed with distilled water, drained, spotted and allowed to dry.SubstanceDurationFurther actionCrystal violet (primary stain)30 secondsRinse with water drainGram Iodine (Mordant)30 secondsRinse with wate r drainAcetone/alcohol (Decolouriser)5-10 secondsRinse with water drainSafranin (Counter stain)30 secondsRinse with water, drain, blot dryStain was carried out in a laboratory fume hood due to the toxic gram iodine substance used. The transparent plastic shield of the fume hood was lowered so that only my hands were inside dealing with the chemical and biological substances. Gloves were worn during this procedure so that no stain would come into contact with the unclothe. When the slide was rinsed with water, it was rinsed gently with distilled water so that the bacteria are not shifted.After the staining was completed the sample can now be viewed under a light microscope and compared to other bacterial samples. The slide is placed on the stage with a drop of oil for immersion, the microscope is center on 100x and the bacteria is viewed.ResultsShould describe your findings in prose/text, diagrams, tables and graphs which includes a exposition of growth characteristics and how successful your aseptic technique wasMacConkey agar plate resultsDuring the experiment there were no results to be noted as it was too early for anything to occur. After the agar plate containing the E.coli was incubated at 37oC and then stored at 4oC, its appearance was as expected. Colonies were separated, and as the streaks moved on less E.coli was present. The colonies were well distinctive and were round in their shape. The sample initially given was simply liquid, the result showed significant growth of this E.coli liquid into 3D structures. This indicates the growth of the bacteria in a fine way the 3D structures appeared in a yellowing solid colour. Because the practical was conducted in aseptic techniques no contamination occurred. Aseptic techniques were successful in allowing me to produce accurate results.Viable cell countsMy resultsThe colonies that appeared on the nutrient plate had a badge colour visually they all appeared relatively same sized and volume.10-510-610- 710-8TMTC461For the 10-7 the calculation for the number of bacteria in 1ml of the original culture is(1107/0.1) x (X/1) cross multiply0.1X = 1 x(1107) divide by 0.1 because X = 1.0108For the 10-6 the calculation for the number of bacteria in 1ml of the original culture is(46106/0.1) x (X/1) cross multiply0.1X = 1 x(46106) divide by 0.1Therefore X = 4.6108The number of bacteria present in 1ml of the 10-5 culture cannot be calculated as there was no value noted (TMTC).X= number of bacteria. The number of bacteria present in 1ml of 10-6 dilution is 4.6108 and in the 10-7 dilution culture is 1.0108.Class resultsPair number10-510-610-710-81TMTC461295903TMTC5294TMTC23153426841147TMTC24188222691026010193311TMTC1401512TMTC57913611201486115195514165527317TMTC941118TMTCTMTCTMTC19TMTCTMTCTMTC20TMTC11318Total26698517728Average66.557.99.87Should describe your findings in prose/text, diagrams, tables and graphs which includes a description of growth characteristics and how successful your asepti c technique wasTo determine the amount of bacteria within a culture a simple calculation must be done using my personal results for this experiment. There was no value for the 10-5 so this cannot be done.The result for 10-6 was 46, 46 x 10 = 460ml. To estimate the amount of E.coli present this is further work out by 106, therefore 460 x 106 =For the 10-7 result 7 x 10 = 10 10 x 107 =However, I have selected rough reasonable results from the table to calculate an average.Gram-stain of bacteria from an isolated colony (view method number 3)Gram stains help us distinguish between microbial organisms, for role model gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria. This method was developed to know the identity of bacteria present. (See procedure for The Gram Stain in the methods section).During step 5 of the Gram Strain Method above the following results were made when applying the four different substancesSubstanceColour after stainCrystal violet (primary stain)PurpleGram Iodine (Mordant)PurpleAcetone/alcohol (Decolouriser)Transparent (dye was washed off)Safranin (Counter stain)Reddish-pinkThe appearance of the E.coli bacteria under a microscope with 100x magnification was preferably clear it had a rod-like structure with a reddish-pink colour. The rods were all more or less the same size, however some were packed unneurotic and others were on their own. backchatWere the results the expected? Did the methods adopted achieve their aim? How the experiments could be improved. Include background information, critical evaluation of resultsThroughout all the experiments and procedures a lab-coat and gloves were worn to avoid skin contact with bacteria and harmful substances. Overall the aims were accomplished and the results were as predicted.MacConkey agarThe colonies were expected to be in such a form, indicating that it was E.coli present and that it has rapidly multiplied into individual colonies. This further suggests that when E.coli is present under con ditions where it could multiply, it multiplies by forming a round colony and expanding from there. However, some of the colonies were stuck together making it difficult to count the number of them present. What this means is that the growth of the bacteria was a success and the method adopted was accurate. The reason why some colonies were packed together may be the result of military press too hard on the agar while streaking, with more streaking practice more accurate results can be obtained with colonies being on their own. The methods adopted for this practical achieved what was aimed for. After the incubation of the MacConkey agar plate the plate was stored for a week at a temperature of 4oC, this may have changed the appearance in colour and in shape of the formed colonies. Contamination of the agar plate may have even occurred. An improvement to the experiment is to note down results straight after incubation is finished.Gram Stain resultsAfter analysing the microscope slid e which contains the Gram Stained E.coli under the microscope its features were obvious. There were many average sized rods with a reddish-pink colour, some of these rods were packed together whist others were separated. Comparing this with another prepared sample of B.subtilis, the B.subtilis was a purple colour and has a longer and curved shape, like fine threads. However some again were packed together and others separated.The purple colour of the B.subtilis indicates that it is gram positive, and the pink colour of E.coli indicates its gram negative. When the Gram Stain method was applied to the B.subtilis it obviously stayed purple though out, with E.coli it will decolourise once the decolouriser is added. The gram stain method is highly effective and efficient when dealing with different bacteria it helps identify them to a great extent. B.subtilis remains purple throughout the Gram Stain procedure, this itself can be an indication that it is a Gram positive bacteria.Bacterial cells have different types of cell walls, the gram negative and gram positive terms describe the nature of their structural differences. One of the important differences is that Gram positive bacteria have no outmost membrane whereas Gram negative bacteria do, the purpose of this outer layer is to cover the peptidoglycan layer. When staining occurs the outer membrane of a gram positive bacterial cell wall becomes permanently stained as the strain can easily penetrate the thick peptidoglycan layer, so that if a decolouriser or distilled water is added the colour will remain purple. In the case of the gram negative bacterial cell wall the stain gets attached to the far outer membrane layer (lipopolysaccharide and protein), this layer decreases the penetration depth of the strain on the peptidoglycan, so the stain can be decolourised or removed.The diagrams below illustrate this.Gram positive Primary stain Mordant Decolourisation Counter-stain put down colour remains the same throug hout addition.Gram negativePrimary stain Mordant Decolourisation Counter-stainNote colour changes The aim of the Gram Stain method was confirm that the bacteria that was initially being dealt with was E.coli, after tests and results it confirmed that it was so the results were as expected and predicted.The methods used for this procedure were successful at achieving good results, however some can be altered. For example, the E.coli used for this experiment was used from experiment number one, not that that is a problem but when the E.coli was incubated over night and it had successfully multiplied it was stored at 4oC for quite a while (this experiment was carried out 1 week after the first one). This possible may have altered the activity of the E.coli and also its appearance. Many resources state that gram negative bacteria should have a pink colour after the counter-stain has been added and rinsed off. In this case the E.coli bacteria in this experiment had quite a dark pink c olour which was really close to the colour red, this appearance of colour was visual both with the naked eye and under the microscope as individual bacterial cells.Viable cell countsAs I predicted, the more dilute (10-8) solution will have less E.coli bacteria growing on its surface. As there were 20 different pairs doing the practical, and the dilutions were all done 20 times by different people, there is plenty room for error from contamination of inaccurate measurements.The 10-5 agar plates had many E.coli bacterial colonies growing on it, according to the results there was far too many bacteria that it was too many to count (TMTC). Gradually as the dilution increased the bacteria became less, 10-6 dilution had number ranging from 6-140. Obviously with such great difference within what is meant to be the same dilution there was some error/contamination present. The most obvious ones which had error are pair numbers 18 and 19 there was TMTC throughout (10-6, 10-7 and 10-8). What would be expected is that fewer bacteria should be present in the 10-8.

Appearance versus Reality in Bertrand Russells The Problems of Philoso

Appearance versus existence in Bertrand Russells The Problems of PhilosophyBertrand Russells method of approaching his plain in Problems of Philosophy embraces the Cartesian technique of radical surmise, in which the author revokes any former assumptions roughly certain veracity and existence. In the first chapters, Russells motion into the nature of veryity in comparison to appearance begins with the observation of his immediate surroundings. By examining a table, for example, he determines that the tables colour, texture, and shape are sufficient to prompt doubt as to whether or not the table exists. The sensations of these qualities are not fixed by a reality they are apparent possibilities and each depends on the conditions of observation, and thusly an individual loses confidence in the senses.These observations lead to Russells first distinction between appearance and reality The real table, if there is one, is not immediately known to us at all, but must be an inferenc e from what is immediately known. (11) The reality of the table, he explains, depends on a proces... Appearance versus Reality in Bertrand Russells The Problems of PhilosoAppearance versus Reality in Bertrand Russells The Problems of PhilosophyBertrand Russells method of approaching his subject in Problems of Philosophy embraces the Cartesian technique of radical doubt, in which the author revokes any former assumptions about certain reality and existence. In the first chapters, Russells enquiry into the nature of reality in comparison to appearance begins with the observation of his immediate surroundings. By examining a table, for example, he determines that the tables colour, texture, and shape are sufficient to prompt doubt as to whether or not the table exists. The sensations of these qualities are not fixed by a reality they are apparent possibilities and each depends on the conditions of observation, and thus an individual loses confidence in the senses.These o bservations lead to Russells first distinction between appearance and reality The real table, if there is one, is not immediately known to us at all, but must be an inference from what is immediately known. (11) The reality of the table, he explains, depends on a proces...