Biography of Ben Franklyn

Biography of Ben Franklyn Free Online Research Papers I think that Benjamin Franklin was a very important person. He was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston. Through out his life he has been a printer, author, diplomat, philosopher, and scientist. As a scientist he made many major inventions such as electricity. Back in Ben Franklin’s day people ranked him among the country’s greatest statesmen. His father was named Josiah Franklin. He was a tallow chandler which is a person that makes candles and soap. Josiah had 17 children; Benjamin was the 15th child and the 10th son. His mothers name was Abiah Folger, she was his father’s second wife. The Franklin family was very poor, like most New England families. Ben went to grammer school form age eight to ten when he was taken into his fathers buisness. Ben didn’t like the work as a tallow chandler so he became a cutler. At age 13 he helped out his brother James, who had just returned from England with a new printing press. Benjamin learned the printing trade. In his spare time he extended his education. In 1721 his brother James Franklin established the New England Courant, and when Ben was 15 he was busily occupied by delivering the newspaper in the day and in writing articles for it at night. When he wrote his articles they were signed anonymous. Because of its content, the New England Courant frequently got the conlonial authorities mad. In 1722 James Franklin was put in jail for a month and was not allowed to write it anymore so Ben had to write it under his name. As Ben continued to work for James they faught a lot so Ben left Boston and went to live in Philadelphia in October 1723. While he was there he traded with numerous people and made lots of friends, one of his friends was Sir William Keith who was the provincial governor of Pennsylvania. He told Franklin to go to London to complete his training as a printer and to purchase the equipment needed to start his own printing establishment in Philadelphia. Franklin was young and took this advice, arriving in London in December 1724. When he arrived Ben didn’t receive promised letters of introduction and credit from Keith. Franklin was in a strange town with out any money or credit at age 18. Ben was very resourceful and get a job at two of the best printing houses in London. They were Palmer’s and Watt’s. In October 1726, Franklin returned to Philadelphia and continued his trade. The following year he got a bunch of friends together and formed a group known as the Junto. Which later became the American Philosophical Society. In September 1729, he bought the Pennsylvania Gazette that was a boring, poorly edited weekly newspaper. He made this newspaper entertaining and informative with his witty style and knowledge of news. In 1730 he married Deborah Read she was a Philadelphia woman whom he had known before his trip to England. Franklin had many public projects. In 1731 he set up what was probably the first public library in America. Named in 1742 the Philadelphia Library. He first published Poor Richard’s Almanac in 1732, under the pen name, which was Richard Saunders. This book was a big success. In 1736 Franklin became clerk of the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the next year was picked for deputy postmaster of Philadelphia. About this time, he got together the first fire company in that city and introduced methods for the improvement of street paving and lighting. Ben also invented the Franklin stove that got rid of excess smoke from normal chimneys and also heated the houses better. In 1747 Franklin began to do electric experiments that started with a simple apparatus that he received from Peter Collinson in England. He advanced a theory of the Leyden jar, which was the idea that lightning is an electrical phenomenon, and made an effective method of demonstrating this fact. His plan was published in London and carried out in England and France before he himself performed his famous experiment with the kite in 1752. He invented the lightning rod and offered what is called the â€Å"one-fluid† theory in which it explains that there are two kinds of electricity, positive and negative. When the people of the University of St. Andrews and the University of Oxford found out about his scientific experiments and he got honorary degrees. In 1753 Ben was awarded a Copley Medal for his science experiments. In 1748 Franklin sold his printing business and, in 1750, was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly, in which he served until 1764. He was made deputy postmaster general for the colonies in 1753, and in 1754 he was the representative from Pennsylvania to the Intercolonial Congress that met in Albany to dicuss methods of dealing with the French and Indian War (1754-1763). In March 1785, Franklin, at his own request, left his duties in France and returned to Philadelphia, where he was immediately chosen president of the Pennsylvania executive council (1785-87). In 1787 he was elected a delegate to the congress that drew up the U.S. Constitution. Franklin was deeply interested in interesting projects, and one of his last public acts was to sign a petition to the U.S. Congress, on February 12, 1790, as president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, telling people to get rid of slavery and the suppression of the slave trade. Two months later, on April 17, Franklin died in his Philadelphia home at 84 years of age. This concludes my report on Ben Franklin and shows why I think Ben Franklin was an interesting and smart person. Research Papers on Biography of Ben FranklynBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTrailblazing by Eric AndersonComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Chicago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chicago - Essay Example In comedy, it started the improvational style of amusement, in architecture the prairie design, and a variety of contemporary music like the jazz, soul and romantic blues. The city has a deep rooted liking for the classical songs. The city also has contemporary music best known for its performing music moguls in the world. Apart from music, it hosts dance competitions which attracts performers from other states as a way of promoting its art in the city (Koval 66). Through the immigration of various ethnicities in the city like the Europeans, Asians, Africans among others; the city enjoys a mixture of different traditions from dishes to artistic works. The fine arts sector has been majorly boosted by a number of award winning artists through their paintings. The city has numerous theaters including the renowned Steppenwolf Theater for the performing plays. The city hosts annual theater awards for recognition of the contributors in the fine arts industry (Koval 111). From the historical beginning of the town, there is a strong tie in Christianity especially the Catholics. It was majorly contributed from the immigration of Europeans who later transformed the town in religion and civilization. Chicago has a number of ancient but unique delicacies in the food industry. The Maxwell hotdog is a unique hotdog which was just prepared by mere steaming or boiling with raw onions and mustard, and is still sold in many food joints. In sports, the city has a wide range of games but most notably in baseball and basketball games. The famous Michael Jordon contributed significantly in winning various titles for the Chicago Bulls (Koval 75). Chicago is the third largest state which contributes enormously for the US gross national product. According to business reports, it has been known to have the most balanced economic growth among the other states of America. This is because it has vast incomes from transportation,

Article on the reflection of media on new scientific research Essay

Article on the reflection of media on new scientific research - Essay Example Rossi brings about an understanding that previously used techniques firstly are extremely inefficient and do not always produce a true IPS. Secondly, due to the use of a retroviral vectors the cells tend to reject the attempt of incorporating the modified RNA and view the viruses as infectious threat leading them to undergo apoptosis and activation of interferon pathways. Furthermore, due to the nature of retroviral integration the cells become prone to mutagenesis leading to cancer due to activation of Onco-genes. Thirdly, once an IPS cell is produced by the old method there is a question of how closely these cells are able to act as the Gold Standard ES Embryonic Stem cells, and if they are prone to reversing back to their pre- induced state. Lastly, the future of IPS is to have them generated specifically for each patient and the old ways of Pluripotency Induction are very limited and only a small amount of Pluripotent cells are able to be derived (Johnson, 2010). New IPS cell der ivation technique is quite impressive in a number of ways; primarily in the derivation simplicity and then in the technique itself. Above all Rossi states there is no need for a specialized lab, as any scientist with basic RNA modifying equipment is able to create the IPS cells, the media realizes this opens up enumerate possibilities for not only future research but also gene therapy(Warren et al., 2010). These therapies will be able tobe carried out all over the world as regular scientist will be able to modify cells in not only high tech labs such as Harvard Univerity but also in remote places as hospitals across Africa. The IPS generation technique described in the Rossi article entitled â€Å"Highly Efficient Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Differentiation of Human Cells with Synthetic Modified mRNA† discusses that the induction discovered by Yamanaka requires the manipulation of only four Genes; KLF4, c-MYC, OCT4, and SOX2 (KMOS) are the four strips of RNA th at are required as transcription factors to re-set a skin cell in to an IPS cell. As it turns out the new induction procedure is also faster at producing IPS cells; Lowry and Takahashi found that the new technique produces IPS cells with efficiency thirty six times the previously used method, this indicates an enumerate improvement on IPS cell production efficiency, and opens opportunities for larger scale treatments in the future. As the comparative research carried out by Chan and Lowry indicates the new technique produces IPS colonies within seventeen days, which is roughly twice as fast then the four week minimum it would take using the out dated technique. Over all, the media reporters seem to be moving in the direction of how this research will effect the general population, clinical stem cell application and future research. Their curiosity is in the right place as this research will revolutionize the way stem cells are perceived by the general public, since we probably will no longer require cells from aborted fetuses. Moreover, due to the quantity and speed of production of IPS cells researchers may conduct mass scale clinical

Personal Action Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Action Plan - Essay Example Those who migrate from other regions feel uncomfortable with the cultural and social surroundings of the host country. These issues include, but are not limited to, dressing style, eating habits, language barriers, religious affiliations, and cultural festivals and so on. The most pressing issues that I found are communication and/or language barriers and prejudice against people in minority threatening their integration in the new environment and with the new people. During the course, I realized that my social network with others was weak and full of prejudice and self seeking. In response to this I will strengthen my social relation by making more friends both in the college and in the community as a whole. Improving social network through appreciations and accepting every culture creates a social bond between people. I would focus my action plan in the friends’ group area initially. I would like to take part in making people from different backgrounds mingle and forget differences in their backgrounds, accents, languages and dressing. I would work hard to bring them on the same page by emphasizing on the equality that exists between them for being humans. Another aspect that was identified during the course that has not been up to date is communication. On the personal ground my communication has been moderate. I have been concentrating on my peers and those in the same class. This course has exposed me to learn how to communicate with those in the higher position. These include the lecturers, administrators and university workers. In light to what I have learnt, I will improve my language which has been a barrier to communicate with those in senior authority. Communication has also been a challenge to other who shared this class with me. They did not know how they could channel their complaints to the authority. Hence, I would like to reduce their hesitation by guiding them toward the official procedures that work in a systematic manner to address

Funding Higher Education Essay Example for Free

Funding Higher Education Essay In order to address budget requirements during revenue deficit years, other opportunities are available to the government other than simply raising taxes. One viable opportunity is opening research facilities in higher education to private use. Higher education institutions have various wet and dry laboratories that can be very useful to commercial and other private business entities conducting research. Some of these entities usually enter contracts with private laboratories. By opening school resources, government would be able to tap the finances of these private entities into the schools. In fact, the government can take this strategy one step further by constructing an internship curriculum for its students that involve working on private company projects (Gordon, 2000). Through such an internship program, qualified students would be sent to work in school facilities on research work required by funding entities. Of course, interns would be given an appropriate allowance. This provides an innovative and practical learning experience for the students as well as a minimal source of income. Furthermore, it creates linkages to the industry where they might be able to more conveniently find employment after graduation. Another possible strategy is opening campus grounds to private promotional projects. These projects set up booths and conduct activities that target the attention of students and/or faculty members to avail of certain products or services. Of course, entities that would like to promote their products would have to be screened thoroughly according to the academic institution’s mission-vision to ensure that no contradictions are present. These two strategies can raise revenue up to appropriate levels and allow the school budget to be funded for the revenue deficit academic year. Reference Gordon, J. (2000). Private Education Management. N. Y. : Doubleday.

Social Work Social Policy And Social Welfare Social Work Essay

Social Work Social Policy And Social Welfare Social Work Essay With reference to changes in Government policy and ideologies of welfare, debate the significance of the shift from Victorian Pauper to 21st century service user and its impact on social work practice and values. This assignment has used a historical timeline of Governmental changes to policies and laws as a background to debate the shift from Victorian Pauper to 21st century service user. The divide between the rich and poor has always been an issue that different governments have faced, dealing with it differently, for example Clement Attlees labour Government in 1945 introduced the welfare state to give every British citizen cover, regardless of income or lack of it. Those who lacked jobs and homes would be helped. The definition of a Pauper according to the Collins dictionary is someone who is relatively poor, in comparison to the general population or historically eligible for public charity. The definition of a service user is someone who at some point uses or receives health or social care services. (General Social Care Council) The term service user is criticised, as critics Adams et al (2009) believe it focuses on one element of the individual, implying dependency, without taking into account other aspects and argue that the term places the service user in a disempowered position in their relationship with a professional, with power residing with this professional. The National Network of Service Users: Shaping our lives however sees the term service user as positive, its an individual who uses the services, they confer power creating a stronger voice and having a greater ability to shape services. (Levin 2004) Modern British social policy has its foundation in the Poor Laws, dating from 1598 to 1948. The Poor Law (1601) provided a compulsory poor rate and helped set the poor to work. However as the Parish was the basic area of administration, and laws were enforced differently from parish to parish with no set standards of care causing inconsistencies between areas. The Poor Law amendment act (1834) modified the existing system. Poor Law Unions were introduced, parishes were grouped together, and those Unions would be the responsibility of a Board of Guardians. The Guardians were responsible for the administration of poor relief for their locality, rather than leaving the responsibility of administration in the hands of individual parishes and townships. Workhouses were introduced and encouraged, one workhouse in each union to give poor relief. This Act stated that no able bodied person was to receive any other help other than in the workhouse. The purpose of the workhouse was to let individuals enter and leave as they liked and they would receive free food and accommodation, how ever as time passed concern grew with regard to the seeming overuse of the workhouse. As a result the eligibility criteria for entry to the workhouse was then altered. Life in the workhouse was to be made as cruel as it was outside. The wretched existence offered, and the stigma attached to being an inmate, ensured that only the truly deprived used them. A jail style system of segregation for men and women meant that even families had to be separated, altogether different from 21st Century social work values which espouse a stronger commitment to keeping families together, with child protection services and child welfare agencies providing support to ensure family preservation. (Payne, 2005) It was in 1869 that The Charity Organisation Society (COS) was formed to unify the many smaller sources of relief and make provision more efficient and effective. The COS perceived that charitable assistance was needed and believed that their aim was to reach all families, but were unsure how the money had previously been spent. COS set out a scheme of financial help, introducing local committees, who then raised funds and distributed these to families in need. Similar to many charities today, there are still many families who dont ask for help because of religion, language, pride or because they are not aware that help may be available. (Family Action) The aim of COS was to persuade charities to converge their resources, which might then be distributed more systematically. However the individuals helped had to be deemed capable of becoming self supporting. Worthiness was considered before any charitable help was given. Those who werent considered worthy were left to destitution, the Society effectively deciding that as they deemed there to be no hope for their redemption, that to help them would be a waste of limited resources which would be better spent elsewhere with individuals or families who could subsequently lift themselves out of poverty and dependence. (Campling, 1996) The COS model was pioneering in taking into account the consequences if they helped every individual, as they thought this would lead to dependency and exaggeration in order to receive money. COS was also formed with the objective of achieving a decrease in the charitable expenditure as a result of greater efficiency and the economy of scale, and in this sense the COS reflected the wider ideology of the industrial revolution. Current Social Work objectives similarly seek to achieve value for money, with the Audit commission defining value for money as the best possible balance of economy, efficiency and effectiveness. Whilst the 21st century social worker endeavours to deal fairly with the needs of everyone, nevertheless, the distribution of needs is uneven and changes constantly. To ensure quality is consistent care plan reviews are monitored and service users may be involved in quality circles, engaging them in deciding whats best. Direct payment schemes are also offered to a minority group of service users to let them decide on and customise their own social care. The main problem Social Services face is the potential impact of the dynamic and variable economic and pol itical environment in which they must function. Whilst trying to provide individualised care packages they have to ensure that its effective in respect to cost. Also there is growing recognition that a number of minority groups may be excluded from accessing services such as Social Work services and, also those services which have previously not been provided in culturally appropriate ways. (Making ends meet, 2010) Appropriate steps will therefore need to be taken to enforce anti discriminatory practice and anti oppressive practice, when considering how to provide help in accessing services for minority groups. The COS quickly found that more than financial aid was needed to help paupers. Emotional and other practical help was also required, for example help with finding employment. COS volunteers were trained to offer such additional help and, therefore, the formal training offered by COS can be seen as the forerunner of modern social work training and qualifications. They adopted an approach which attempted to analyse the problem. Working with the individual and family to help them achieve a lasting solution so all could be kept in their familiar environments. This approach was very time consuming, and the approach the worker took to investigate the individual was very objectionable. This approach is the basis of the current Social Work casework approach which is now highly criticised. Holman (1993) suggests that the casework approach only masks social and political obligations in individuals lives, therefore helping to maintain their situation. There are now other approaches that focus on reducing inequality. Which investigate the social and political reasons as well as the individuals as to why they are in poverty. A new manifesto for Social Work now highlights the need to use a collection of approaches as the need to combat poverty and discrimination is greater than ever. Many who tried to use the COS principles found it difficult to disregard individuals who needed help. Other approaches were latterly introduced to help more individuals. The Settlement House Movement (1884) was one of these. Its principles focused on university volunteers working with the poor in their spare time, offering education. Its aim was to achieve mutual respect between the classes. This approach focused on empowering the poor, helping them to help themselves. Society also benefitted from this model. It focused on a more structured analysis of poverty and its impact on human behaviour by practising interventions at a community level. This is needed now to help small communities and the individuals within it. The nature of social work practice then changed and focused on individuals. A significant element was hearing clients voices and the incomparable knowledge of the professionals working with them to help whichever way they could. (Adams et al, 2009) Using these models the Government laid the basis of the future social services. The major concern being that all areas should be given the same services. These new services were provided away from The Poor Law to evade the association. Current Social Work still has its inconsistencies, however the White Paper Tackling Health Inequalities Programme of Action (Department of Health, 2003), focuses on a number of ways to equalise access to healthcare, for example working with people who face overlapping health problems for instance older people who have ill health and are in poverty. Social Workers are focussing on secondary prevention, as this type of prevention can impact more individuals. A major report produced regarding the welfare of individuals was the Beveridge Report (Department of Health, 1942). This report focused on how Britain could be rebuilt after the war. In 1945 labour was elected and promised to introduce a welfare state. The welfare state involved introducing new services. These included the National Health Services and Housing Acts. The welfare state was produced to encourage the provision of services for the public. (Laybourn, 1995) Glasby (2005) looked at previous reforms and how the future would be in adult social care. It evaluated all important reports to see how social work could be improved. One report that impacted policy and practice during the 1960s was the Seebohm report (1968). This report highlighted the problems of poverty and was tasked to review the organisation and responsibilities of the Local Authority Social Services in England as well as to consider what changes were desirable to secure an effective family service. (Seebohm, 1968, pg11.) Prior to this report Social Work was spread across various Local Authorities and different Government sections. This caused inadequacies in the quality of provision. Access was very difficult. For example, range and quality of provision of services were inconsistent also the Seebohm Report highlighted a poor coordination of information between these services. The report recommended a new Local Authority department providing a community based and family orient ated service, which would be available for all. When this recommendation was brought into action new Social Services Departments were formed. The Seebohm Report did highlight potential problems. It stated that having separate departments for children and adults might subsequently make it difficult to treat the familys needs as a whole. The Barclay Report (1982) looked into the role of a social worker. In its opening line it stated that too much was expected of social workers. It found that it was a profession that was confused about its role and because of intense media scrutiny was struggling with work load. It found that there was an ongoing need for social workers to fulfil many functions including promoting community networks, working with other services and acting as an advocate for clients. The report did criticise social work departments for taking a reactive stance towards social problems, dealing with those needs which are forced upon their attention but failing to develop overall plans which link the voluntary, statutory and private services in an area into a coherent plan which is still a problem today. (Department of Health, 1982, pg.38) Social Services Departments find it difficult to help every need as they dont have limitless resources. They need to use other services and work with them closely, the help of Interprofessional education will ensure that other professionals have an understanding of social workers roles. The Barclay Report produced very similar recommendations to that of the Seebohm Report (1968). Although it highlighted that the community approach may have more success now, as there is a greater capacity for individuals to be more autonomous and make their own decisions. The community approach focuses on the local community and social workers would observe individuals in the context of their community. This approach uses local centres and pools resources, creating less impact on the Social Work services so their resources can be spread further. Reports such as these have highlighted how important good social work is, and how much it is needed. There are many problems involved in the profession. There is still stigma attached to the term service user just as there was to the term pauper. Whilst researching the different acts and welfare ideologies that have been introduced throughout the timeline I have used (see paragraph one, page one) I have found that individuals still have problems accessing help. There are families who still may be disinclined to ask for help because of the stigma of doing so. New approaches have introduced service user involvement by asking them what help they want and defining the quality of help they receive. A recent report by Beresford, Shamash, Forrest and Turner (2007) researched service users future vision for adult services. They found that the process of accessing social care was frequently negative for service users furthermore the assessments were very dependent on the quality of the staff carrying it out. All social workers should work to one high standard. It shouldnt be a lottery of if you get a good one or not. A universal tool could be implemented so that all service users were asked the same questions and could highlight their specific problems and needs whilst using the tool. Service users also highlighted the fact that access to their social worker was low and many of the service users questioned had gaps in their services making them feel insecure. Reports researched for this assignment have all found that service users know what they want and can easily highlight the problems they face or have had previously. One report found that while welfare bureaucracy has been condemned by governments for a long while, service users still identify problems (Shaping Our Lives, 2007). There is still social exclusion. Social Services Departments may contribute to it as they help individuals just enough, finding the quickest way to help them not necessarily the best way in the long run because of finite resources. Using different approaches, for example the community approach would help at different levels so less emphasis is on Social Services Departments resources. Vast improvements are still needed. For example child poverty is getting worst. The Report Monitoring poverty and social exclusion (2009) found that children who live in low-income households, where at least one adult works, is at the highest it has ever been. This increase has a ffected the Governments child poverty targets. The recession affected reaching the targets greatly. It is vital now to recover from the recession but also to recover from underlying problems that were there previously before the economic downturn began. Reports like Shaping Our Lives (2007) found that service users feel more responsible and confident about the help they are receiving when they have been more involved in the decision processes. A report by Beresford et al, (2007) found that service users would like a watchdog with a board of service users and professionals so they could be involved in judging the quality of care they receive. The Race Equality Act (2006) sets the context for anti- discriminatory practice within which social workers operate. However, whilst it could be critiqued that some progress has been made as a result with respect to those of different culture and religion, continuing inequalities would suggest much more progress remains to be made. To conclude social work has changed significantly and progress to help all individuals needs to continue. However as a profession it needs a larger voice to talk about the problems they face therefore getting extra help to ensure that service users and paupers have even fewer similarities. There has been a great shift from pauper to service user. Service users have much more freedom and rights now. Albeit there are still similarities which need to be focused on to improve the services available. Social Service Departments also need to refuse to let policies be imposed when they dont improve on what is already implemented. Rights are now benefitting service users but we need to ensure this continues.

A Jury of Her Peers, by Susan Glaspell :: A Jury of Her Peers Essays

Glaspell spent more than forty years working as a journalist, fiction writer, playwright and promoter of various artistic. She is a woman who lived in a male dominated society. She is the author of a short story titled A Jury of Her Peers. She was inspired to write this story when she investigated in the homicide of John Hossack, a prosperous county warren who had been killed in his sleep(1).Such experience in Glaspell’s life stimulated inspiration. The fact that she was the first reporter on scene, explains that she must have found everything still in place, that makes an incredible impression. She feels what Margaret (who is Minnie Wright in the story) had gone through, that is, she has sympathy for her. What will she say about Margaret? Will she portray Margaret as the criminal or the woman who’s life has been taken away? In the short story Minnie Wright was the victim. Based on evidence at the crime scene, it is clear that Minnie has killed her husband; however, the women have several reasons for finding her â€Å"not guilty† of the murder of John Wright. First, When Martha and Mrs. Peters arrive at the scene of the crime, they see that it is a very lonely place off the road. The house is in a hollow, with lone-some looking trees around it(1).Mr. Hale thinks that having a phone to communicate with rest of the world in such place will reduce loneliness although Mr. Wright does not want communication(2). Minnie lives a miserable life in this place. Martha cannot believe that this is what Minnie foster has turned into. She describes her rocker, and says: â€Å" that rocker don’t look in the least like Minnie foster. The Minnie foster of twenty years before†(3). The rocker is a very old rocker with a faded color and few parts of it are missing. Also, Mrs. Hale thinks it is a torture for Minnie to wrestle with the stove year after year because that stove is in a very poor condition(8). These are some few examples that show how miserable Minnie is in such a lonely place.