Fifth Business1 Essay -- Essays Papers

Fifth Business1Canadian Heritage Commercial A railroad line is shown in the background as workers slave away at finale the Canadian Pacific Rail line, which will run through all of Canada. Finally, the last stake is driven into the rail line thus completing it, commentary it useful for many years to come and effecting the lives of many in the present and future.The purpose of this essay is to reveal the importance of Canadian history in the impudent Fifth Business by Robertson Davies. Fifth Business was written as a reflection of Robertson Daviess life but also serves as a viewpoint of Canadian life in the early twentieth century. The novel is written accordingly to sequence of events in Canadian history this allows Davies to shape the spell of the novel around these historical events. Canadian history plays a large role in the first half of the novel, which launches Dunstan Ramsay into a series of trials that develop his eccentric and personality. Such as the Canadi an Pacific Railway had united Canada, the same history would link the characters together, develop the characters, and drive the plot of the novel. The two most valuable historical events within the novel are The Great Depression and World War I.During The Great Depression, many individuals were had lost their fortunes and property due to the crash in the stock market. Many could not even merely afford to buy anything but necessities such as food. Luckily, Boy Staunton was unaffe...

Romeo and Juliet - Act III, Scene V :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet - Act III, Scene V         Act III, Scene V of Romeo and Juliet is significant for it is the most pivotal scene of this tragic play.  Although prior scenes surrender extreme circumstances, this scene reveals the results of past activities and begins a series of tragic misunderstandings and fatal reactions.  Transformations occuring amongst characters and their relationships with one another and the tone of the play are revealed in this scene.  Through language, Shakespeare presents these changes as well as foreshadowing the eventual tragedy Romeo and Juliets death.  From this point on in the play there are no more comedic or romanticist scenes.  The following scenes are of extreme actions, mishap and tragedy.  The star-crossed lovers cannot escape their fate.         One of the many transformations presented in this scene is that of Romeo and Juliets love for one another.  Romeo and Juliets love arranges the transition from infatuation to a deep and sincere love.  In earlier scenes they used overly romantic language and metaphor, whereas, now they speak to one another of their love in a mature and tender way.  They will do anything to be with one another, for their love surpasses any emotion for their familial or community ties.  They are will to make any sacrifice in order to have their desire for one another fulfilled.  Both Romeo and Juliet enjoy each others company on their first sunrise together following their marriage and they do not want to part.         Juliets first visible transformation to adulthood is revealed here.  In Romeos desire to be with Juliet, he is willing to risk capture, and most probably death, in being found within the Capulet walls.  Romeo, although maturing in his feelings of love and intimacy is still young and reckless in his behavior.  In contrast, upon rationali zing the circumstance of daylight and their being found, Juliet eventually pleads for Romeo to leave O, now be gone More light and light it grows. (III, v, 35)  To which Romeo responds, More light and light- more unlit and dark our woes. (III, v, 36)  The metaphors associated with light (i.e. the sun, the moon, the day) which previously protected their affair is now their enemy.  Nature itself has turned upon them

Dedicated Police Officers in the Film, End of Watch Essay -- Criminal

End of Watch (Ayer, 2012) is a video which follows the lives of 2 police officers, partners Brian Taylor and Mike Zavala, in the Los Angeles practice of law Department. The movie is shot in the style of a documentary and because of this the film centralized on these two officers and their patrols. When the film began Taylor and Zavala had just successfully apprehended two suspects in a high speed car chase which they were praised for by other officers and members of the department. From then on out the officers made a number of mind-boggling arrests, rescues, and discoveries the two partners made throughout the film. Unfortunately for the Taylor and Zavala, their successfulness in investigating and apprehending locations and suspects of a medicate ring caught the attention of the leaders of a Mexican drug cartel. A hit was put out on Taylor and Zavala by leaders of the Mexican drug cartel because they were becoming a nuisance. This hit was carried out by the same Latino gang mem bers who had previously done a drive-by shooting of a rival gang. The officers were enticed towards their imminent deaths with a car chase which was set up by the Latino gang members. This chase led them towards an apartment complex which was rigged with many gang members and artillery to ensure that neither Taylor nor Zavala would survive. The two were ambushed further decided that gunning their way out was their best option. When the officers made it to an alley they were met by another Latino gang member who fired at Taylor and Zavala, hitting Taylor at once in the chest before being shot and killed by Zavala. Zavala went to aid Taylor who appeared to be quickly dying and called out for help. Before police back up arrived the original Latino gang members found Zavala in the... ... of risks come with being a police officer.Solutions used to deter and prevent crime in the film End of Watch (Ayer, 2012) focused on police and the duties officers perform while on patrol. In the mov ie police officers played a central quality in the capture of many gang and drug cartel members. This was told through the perspective of officers Brian Taylor and Mike Zavala. Therefore, the solution to crime concentrated on the police involvement, in this case Taylor and Zavala, through their presence, protection, arrests, and investigations. This solution could be generalized and would be possible through the hard work of dedicated police officers.Works CitedAyer, D. (Director). (2012). End of instruct Motion picture. USA Exclusive Media Group.Seigal, L. J., & Worrall, J. L. (2012). Introduction to criminal justice (13th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.

Violence against Women :: Sociology Essays Research Papers

Violence against WomenGender-based craze has been recognized as a large-scale public health problem as well as a violation of human rights worldwide. One out of three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or debased in another way at least once in her life (www.infoforhealth.org). The abuser is usually a member of the family, introducing the difficult problem in that the abuse usually happens behind closed doors, and is often viewed by cultural norms and legal systems as a family matter rather than a crime.The statistics available on violence against women are startling. Domestic violence is the major cause of death and disability for European women ages 16 to 44 and accounts for more deaths and injuries than automobile accidents and cancer. The Russian g everyplacenment estimates that over 14,000 women were killed by family members in 1999, but there is still no legislation that specifically addresses domestic violence. In South Africa, more women are shot in the home by relatives than are shot on the streets or by intruders (web.amnesty.org).Two of the most common forms of abuse in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are propose partner abuse and coerced sex. Intimate partner abuse is almost always accompanied by serious psychological abuse and in one describe to one half of cases is also accompanied by forced sex. Most women that are step numerous times often become terrified of their partners. many another(prenominal) are scared to speak to nearone about the abuse due to the fear that the abuse will get worse if reported (www.infoforhealth.org).In some countries, women are discriminated against by laws that do not protect from violence in the home. Police and persecutors sometimes refuse to help women abused in the home because of the ill-considered assumption that these women bring on the abuse themselves. Women that attempt to testify against their husbands may lose custody of their children. For women of these nations, there is no way out and nobody to harken (web.amnesty.org). The effects of abuse may be detrimental to a womans reproductive health, as well as to other aspects of her physical health and psychological state. Along with increasing injury, physical abuse can cause an array of other problems such as increased risk of unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, adverse pregnancy complications, chronic pain, physical disability, depression, and drug and alcohol use. Health care providers often miss opportunities to detect if a woman has been abused by either being unaware, indifferent, or judgmental.

F. Scott Fitzgerald :: essays research papers

F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald is in many ways one of the most(prenominal) important the Statesn writers of the twentieth century. In his first novel, This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald epitomized the mindset of an era with the statement that his generation had, "grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, and all faiths in man agitate"(Fitzgerald 307). Aside from being a major literary voice of the twenties and thirties, Fitzgerald was also among "The Lost Generations" harshest and most insightful social critics. In his classic novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald blatantly criticized the immorality, materialism, and hedonism which characterized the lifestyles of Americas bourgeois during the nineteen-twenties. Collectively, Fitzgeralds novels and short stories provide some of the best insight into the lifestyles of the rich during Americas most prosperous era, while simultaneously examining major literary themes such as disillusionment, coming of age, and the corruption of the American Dream. The life of F. Scott Fitzgerald is marked by as much, if not more, romanticism and tragedy than his novels. Throughout Fitzgeralds life, he unsuccessfully battled alcoholism, depression, and himself, in a quest for both personal and literary identity. At the age of twenty-three, Fitzgerald published his first novel, This Side of Paradise, to critical raves and unimaginable economic success. Shortly after the publishing of this novel, Fitzgerald was able to coerce Zelda Sayre into marriage. This marriage is manifestly the most significant event of his lifeeventually, Zelda would not only expedite, but essentially, cause the personal and literary downfall of Fitzgerald. Upon marriage, and also coinciding with the pinnacle of Fitzgeralds fame, Scott and Zelda began subsisting a life of wasteful extravagance that was often characterized by recklessly drunken behavior. In order to maintain this lifestyle, Fitzgerald was forced to put aside runn ing(a) on novels, and focus his creative efforts on penning lucrative, but by no means extraordinary, short stories. Throughout their marriage, Zelda put constant economic, as intimately as, emotional strains on Fitzgerald. She encouraged his short story writing, as well as his drinking, and was continually swaying his focus from writing to socializing. Also, Zeldas eventual mental partition triggered Scotts own series of nervous breakdowns. Because of these factors, Zelda is often considered the prime instigator of Fitzgeralds literary and personal declines. Yet in spite of Zeldas overtly negative influence on Fitzgerald, he continued to love his wife to the day he died.

Comparing the Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn an

Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Native SonThroughout hi history, great authors have served as sentinels for racism and loss in American society. The Mark Twain novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a graphic story of 1840s America that depicts the plight of an uneducated sullen slave named Jim moved many to empathize with African-Americans. Compassion against the evils of slavery soon spread across the country. A war-torn America abolished slavery in 1865. However, Richard Wrights 1940 novel, Native Son, a compelling story of the life and death of another black man, Bigger Thomas, makes a convincing argument that slavery in America was still very much animate during that period. Civil rights legislation and enforcement would not come until years later. A generation apart, Jim and Bigger embody the evolution of the black man struggling to be devoid in American society. On Twains Mississippi of the 1840s, slaves are regarded more as property than human there is no freedom for the black man. Jim is trapped in a society that trumpets racial hatred for example, Hucks father said, they told me there was a statewhere theyd let the nigger voteI says Ill never vote again (Twain 35). Early in their travels, Jim and Huck mirror the chasm in black and white relations that plagues America at the time. Blinded by prejudice, Huck seems incapable of recognizing that, much like himself, Jim is scared and rivulet from a life of few choices, towards a ideate of independence. Instead, he can only see what society allows him tothe blackness of Jims skin. He is reluctant to be seen with Jim because he knows People would call him a piteous Abolitionist and despise him for keeping mum (50). Even afte... ...e and what kind of work he can do (Wright 394). Biggers society collectively denies him freedom to violate his life with restrictions placed upon Negro education, authorities that make it plain in their every act that they mean to keep Bigger Th omas and his kind deep down rigid limits, and real estate operators who have agreed among themselves to keep Negroes within ghetto-areas of cities (394). Unlike Jim, Bigger cant escape his slavery by running to the free north. His slavery is all-encompassing. Jim only sees freedom at face value, so his can be achieved. He can only hope for freedom in its simplest form release from the physical shackles of slavery. Biggers freedom begins where Jims leaves off. Works Cited Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York Harper & Row, 1885. Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York Harper & Brothers, 1940.

Donoghue V Stevenson Essay

SummaryOn August 26th 1928, Donoghue (plaintiff) and a fighter were at a case in Glasgow, Scotland. Her friend ordered / purchased a store of ginger beer for Donoghue. The bottle was in an opaque bottle (dark glass material) as Donoghue was not aware of the contents. After, Donoghue drank some and her friend lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the ginger beer into the glass. A remains of a snail in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the glass. Donoghue later complained of stomach pain and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal swear out seeking 500 damages against the producer of the ginger beer, Stevenson (Defendant). She was unsuccessful at trial and appealed the decision to the House of Lords. Issue1. Is there liability in scorn for imperfection caused by another in the absence of a contr bite? 2. Does the manufacturer of a product owe responsibleness of bring off to the consumer to take comely take that the product is free from defect?JudgementThe issue was complex because her friend had purchased the drink, and that a contract had not been breached. So Donoghues fairnessyers had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through disregard. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, concluded that Stevenson should be responsible for the wellbeing of individuals who consumes their product.Among the reasons given by the judges that is related to the issues above 1. Le Lievre v Gould established that under certain circumstances, one man may owe a duty of care to another, even though there is no contract between them 2. Negligence claims fire be brought against people who owe you a duty of care. 3. A manufacturer has a duty of care to the ultimate consumer if either the consumer or the distri neverthelessors he received the product from had a reasonable chance to inspect it. Firstly, that negligence is a different tort. A plaintiff fag take civil action against a defendant, if the respondents negligence causes the plaintiff injury or harm of belongings. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to endure a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson however Atkins judgement established that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product.The liability for negligence, whether you title it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of culpa, is no doubt based upon a general public vista of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would c fit cannot, in a practical world, be toughened so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief Furthermore, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers.Ac cording to Lord Atkins ratio decendi, a manufacturer of products, which he sells to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of practice of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. These protections began as common law but many have since been codified in legislation, such as the Trade Practices Act.Thirdly, Lord Atkins controversial neighbour principle. Here Atkin raised the inquire of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in (mind) when I am I am considering these acts or omissions.Lord Atkin The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour. Reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.Who, then, in law is my neighbour? Persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that i ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when i am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.AnalysisI agree with the judgement of the issue that, the manufacturer does owe a duty of care to future consumers. Manufacturers are aware that production has the overall goal of its product that is to be consumed, and not simply to be purchased by a distributors or retailers. Therefore, taking into account all liabilities and reasonable care of what the product can cause to civilians. The reason being, that there is a liability of negligence present by the injury of another because in laymans term, action conducted or carried forward must be foreseen and taken into consideration that it can harm society involved indirectly.Firstly, goods which are primarily purchased, used or consumed for personal, domestic or household purposeswhich in this case Donoghue consumed a ginger beer in the caf and suffered injuries. Stevenson is liable for its product manufactured and as the plaintiff had suffered injury due to the consumption of the product it is due to the failure on the compliance to safety of goods contribute and it is believe to fail its compliance on the rule love you neighbour / duty of care. Second the manufacturer and the retailer included a price which populate of consideration in any form whether direct or indirect in relation to acquisition, where in this case the defendant sold the ginger beer that was consumed by Donoghue.In my opinion, a rule of safety standards according to Consumer Protection Act 1999 Section 18-23 should be carried should be taken into consideration by the defendant as it bring a better feel to goods served. As Stevenson did not take account of its product quality, its goods (ginger beer) contained a decomposed snail piece resulting in plaintiff injury gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock. Hence, manufactures owe a duty of care to Donoghue because Stevenson did not comply on the quality of the goods sold.Moreover, as application on this case to real life reason are our work, relaxation and our life in general, we must think about the well-being of people around us (our neighbours). We cannot simply plan out activities with no regard to the safety of all participants, including civilians. Forexample, one person cannot execute work duties without allude for our fellow colleagues or our clients. We cannot leave uncovered holes in the track, or fail to shut gates where animals are restrained, or leave hazardous chemicals lying around. In a nutshell, if we dont do the right thing as level deemed to be appropriate to the people involved, then we will be incrimi nate of exhibiting irresponsibility. Overall, in this case where the manufacturers or suppliers in respect of selling goods for the eventual consumption to consumers, have a duty to take reasonable care to consumers / neighbours to ensure that their products are safe for consumption and to take full responsibility in respect of a guarantees in the supply of goods.ReferencesDonoghue v Stevenson (1932).Taylor, Martin R. (2008). The Most Famous litigator. Donoghue v Stevenson Digital Resources. Scottish Council of Law Reporting. Retrieved 8 September 2012. SCLR Resources Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. 2015. SCLR Resources Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. ONLINE open athttp//www.scottishlawreports.org.uk/resources/dvs/donoghue-v-stevenson-report.html. Accessed 06 January 2015.Donoghue v Stevenson Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ONLINE Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. Accessed 06 Ja nuary 2015.Donoghue v Stevenson Case Brief Wiki. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson Case Brief Wiki. ONLINE Available at http//casebrief.wikia.com/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. Accessed 06 January 2015.

Obesity and Cancer Risk

According to the National Cancer Institute, obesity is a condition in which a soulfulness has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion of body fat. Obesity is measured by calculating a persons BMI. Years of research stir that there are connections between obesity and cancer risk. Research shows us that an increase in body weight increases insulin levels in the blood, which promote the development of original tumors and tumor regulators. Fat cells also produce adipokine hormones, which stimulate cell growth.Leptin, which is abundant in obese people, acts on a receptor on the brain where a person exhibits appetite and promotes cell proliferation, or cell growth. Essentially, excess body weight is the catalyst for hormones in the body to not function properly charm additionally promoting cell growth, which is the major cause of cancer spread. In 2007 research found 34,000 new cases of cancer in men and 50,500 new cases in women ascribable to obesity. It is estimated that 15 canc er related deaths are due to overweight and obesity.Obesity is associated with several cancers in the body, including in the esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, kidney, thyroid, gallbladder, breast (after menopause) and endometrium (the lining of the uterus). Weight extend to affects the bodys immune system, certain hormones including insulin and estrogen, and factors that regulate cell division. Scientists in the American Cancer Society admit that research is limited in skill whether or not weight loss can reduce cancer risk.There is growing evidence to suggest that a reduction in weight may diminish the risk of breast cancer, after menopause, as well as more aggressive forms of prostate cancer. However, obese people who lose weight oftentimes reduce certain hormone levels that relate to cancer risk, such as insulin and estrogen. Cites National Cancer Institute http//www. cancer. gov The American Cancer Society http//www. cancer. org The PubMed Data humble http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed

Analysis – Investigating the Effects of Trampling on

A basic trend brook be drawn from the results collected. The kite diagram emphasises clearly the effects of trampling on species distribution near footpaths. On the path real little to no species grew, whereas towards the edges of the footpath there was an increase in species enumerate and variety.Moreover, the data gathered from testing the footpath for bosomion revealed that the path itself has greater compendiousion than the areas to either side of it. Further to a greater extent, the waste pipe time of the defacement showed a similar trend in that where areas of reason were more compact, the drainage time was higher. Also where areas of soil were less compact the drainage time was less. The spearmans rank determine supports this trend by revealing a positive correlation between the drainage time and the compaction of the soil.The kite diagram reveals the trend that less species escape to grow on footpaths. This is cod to the fact that as people walk on the footpaths t he soil becomes increasingly compact. This leads to the soil particles macrocosm forced closer together creating a decrease in pipeline space which results in the piss taking longer to drain into the soil. As soil becomes compact, root growth is stamp down due to lack of air space. The roots grow shorter and thicker which largely decreases the overall surface area of the roots which leads to the plant being unable to absorb sufficient nutrients and moisture. Moreover, as the roots become inhibited, they are limited to the amount of soil they can explore. This can decrease the plants ability to take up nutrients. Similarly, as pee runs off compact soil it dissolves the nutrients and carries them away, a process known as leeching.As the drainage time is far greater on the footpath, this lack of piddle results in the soil having very little nutrients. The lack of air space reduces the number of aerobic bacterium. Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by bacteria. Lack of bacteria will result in a decrease of nitrates for the plants. Plants need nitrates for proteins and for nucleic acids and will die without these. The nitrogen cycle is unable to progress as less water and oxygen leads to fewer microbes and less decay which results in less nutrients. Compact soil may hold little water which will lead to plants with xeric adaptations being able to thrive.More plants are able to grow better in less compact soil due to an increase in the air space available. This can provide the roots with space to grow and the water with space to drain through. Therefore more nutrients and water provide the plant with adequate to(predicate) living conditions. Grass has a very low ripening point allowing it to survive after being cut short. Its rolled leaves provide added protection when being trampled upon.From the kite diagram we are able to see that grass can grow on the footpath but there is less of it. This maybe due to the possibility of the footpath not being used by the public for a while, thereby giving the grass time to develop. However, as grass has its suppuration point at the base of the plant, and is therefore not damaged when cut, grass is better adapted to survive in trampled areas than other plants that have their growing points in more vulnerable areas. Rosette plants have a growing point which is defend by leaves which emerge from a central point. This enables the plant to be super adaptable to varied conditions. In contrast, the Violet plants are very delicate and their growing point is exposed. This results in the plant being less adaptable and more likely to survive in well controlled, less compact environments.The plant Heather prefers slightly more acidic soil to obtain the best growing conditions. They also need a significant amount of moisture in the soil, which will not be found on highly compact pathways. The growing point of Heather is quite vulnerable, being at the base of a plant that will often spread out. The kite diagr am supports this as no Heather was located on the footpath.Spearmans rank calculation demonstrates a positive correlation between the drainage time and the compaction of the soil. If the soil is less compact then in general, the drainage time should be less also. Similarly, if the soil is more compact then the drainage time should take longer than normal. water supply that is trapped in compact soil has difficulty moving up through the soil surface where it can evaporate and reduce soils temperature. Therefore the soil water in compact areas can heat up from increased thermal conductivity of the denser soil.This can cause significant damage to the roots of plants. compression can result in significant reduction of the rate at which rainwater can penetrate the soils surface. This is confirmed by the spearmans rank calculation exhibit a positive correlation, and the data gathered when measuring the drainage time of both compact and less compact soil on the footpaths. Heavily compact soil has a reduced rate of both water infiltration and drainage from the compacted layers. This is because compact soil contains few large pores which are the most trenchant in moving water through the soil when it is saturated.In conclusion, the reasons why trampling on species near footpaths affects their distribution is due to a range of factors the soil compaction, drainage time and the species itself. The soil is proven to be generally more compact on the footpaths than in the surrounding areas. This compact soil on footpaths leads to increases drainage time as the soil has less pores or air space which would normally aid water absorption. The growth point of a plant can also be a factor as to why trampling on species on footpaths affects their distribution. A trend was shown from the data collected that grass, a very adaptable and sturdy plant, was able to grow on footpaths and withstand the trampling.This is due to grass having a growing point at the base of the plant where it is protected well. In contrast, the Violet plants were recorded to only grow in the surrounding areas of the footpaths. This is due to the growing point being highly exposed. The spearmans rank value shows a positive correlation between drainage time and the compaction of the soil. As the spearmans rank value is greater than the critical value, 0.4140.377, it can be valued as reliable. Moreover, the confidence level of the spearmans rank calculation is 95% which can be valued as very reliable.

Fallacy

Racial Domination, Racial Progress Kargonen Nalbandian Pasadena City College To look at racial discrimination through the Individualistic Fallacy is to look at racism as an individuals own actions rather than a systematic problem. Throughout the day, choices that many stain argon dependent upon the beliefs they hold. For example, going to the store and intercommunicate the white employee for help rather than the black, to feel frequently comfortable. This act is racist, however as per the Individualistic Fallacy, many who make these simple acts do not reckon of them as racist because their act was in the subconscious and unintentional, and they believe they held no malice in the act. However, wizs actions do not subscribe to to be intentional to be racist racism is often habitual, unintentional, commonplace, polite, implicit and well-meaning (27).The Individualistic Fallacy focuses on the individual level of racism, where racism notwithstanding exists in certain people and actions, rather than a systematic level, where racism exists in our cultivates, political institutions, labor markets, and neighborhoods (27). The problem with the Individualistic Fallacy is that although asking a white employee for help is one individuals actions, that action is influenced by which school they attended, the neighborhood they live in, and by the stereotypes given to different races.The school one attends reflects the neighborhood they live in, and because of the segregation in many neighborhoods, some people do not interact with people of other races often, thus feeling more comfortable with the white dominant race. The stereotypes given to certain races are a result of the systematic level of inequality and oppression that that race has had to endure. Thus, the choices that many make throughout the day, though dependent upon the beliefs are hold, those beliefs are ultimately influenced by the systems of racism. Feagin, who has his Ph. D. n sociology, said racism i s not in society, racism is of society. In reference to the Individualistic Fallacy, it is difficult to look at racism as the psychology of persons, their beliefs, habits and prejudices, rather than the foundation (system) of society (Juge, 2013). If racism is in society, it should be lax to pick out racist individuals and stop racism, but when racism is of society, it means it is embedded into the systems of America. The Legalistic Fallacy is the belief that racism doesnt exist because in that respect are laws in place that make racism illegal.However, just as how laws against theft do not stop people from stealing, laws against racism does not mean that racism does not occur every day (28). There are laws set to ensure a fair and colorblind process of hiring employees in a business however, statistics channelise nonwhites are much less preferred than whites, and more specifically, black men with no criminal eternise fared no better than whites with a criminal record when looki ng for jobs (Juge, 2012). Another problem with the legalistic fallacy is that laws are often political in nature.Many laws passed today, although do not explicitly state racist, give carriage for racism to exist i. e. The War on Drugs, New Yorks broken window policy, Arizonas immigration laws. The War on Drugs and broken windows policy both were passed to reduce deviance in the forms of drugs and criminal acts, however, there grant been unequal enforcements of the law by the police department, which is reflected in the incarceration rates of blacks and Hispanics compared to whites.Arizonas senate bill created to reduce the number of illegal immigrants has led to many unfair detainments and harassment of Hispanic citizens who live in Arizona. These government policies and laws not only refute the Legalistic Fallacy that racism does not exist because there are laws against it, but contradicts it a sense that there are now laws that fuel inequality and throw overboard racism to ex ist. teachs are also segregated and unequal despite laws set against segregation (28). The area in which you live determines the type of procreation you will receive.Schools are used to ensure who will be doctors and lawyers compared to janitors and gardeners, thus, those who can afford to live in nicer neighborhoods where there are period of playds for better public education have better chances of future economic success. Consequently, those who live in poorer neighborhoods such as East L. A. where heights school dropout rates reach 70-80% have less chances of stretch economic success. However, for those who graduate high school there are more obstacles in take ining money to attend a university.This alludes to the fact that the cost of education is not to only get the best people in schools, but to keep some individuals out (Juge, 2012), which is racism in a certain form. School and education in ones early life can determine a lot about the chances and obstacles an individu al would have as he got older. For me, going to a private Armenian school in my younger years gave me the capital I needed to be successful throughout my high school and college years, which I otherwise would not have received going to the public school in my neighborhood.The Armenian culture stresses respect of elders, being closely knit to your family, and putting school and education of utmost priority. These heads provided me with the knowledge I needed to be successful in the real world. Being respectful of your elders, an idea that would seem to be quite obvious, is not practiced by many teenagers in this generation, but because respect was so important for me to have when I was younger, I have the know-how to know how I should approach professors, law enforcement officers, and job employers, giving me an advantage when dealing with certain situations.High school and college are the years where you have fun and go crazy, which can result in less focus in school, and the domi no effect of to a fault much fun, terrible grades, using too much drugs, and then dropping out. Being raised(a) in an Armenian family where your family is extremely close to you, although cant prevent you from having fun, can prevent you from going too far down the hole to where you cant get back out. When I transferred from the Armenian school to Pasadena High School in 10th grade, I spent the first year finding out of my surroundings, and in 11th grade, I was ready to experience things I hadnt growing up in a private school.Through the end of my 11th grade year and halfway through my senior year, the levels of deviance I had reached had begun to get serious, and had it not for how I was raised and the support of my mom, I would have not graduated. Religion, specifically Christianity, is also a big part of Armenian culture. No matter which religion you follow in your current life, the religion you grew up with has certain effects on you. For me, the hope and the understanding of myself I learned through Christianity as I was growing up stuck with me even when I stopped following the religion.The same values I was taught from my culture as a child, along with the religious anecdotes, helped my transition from high school to college to be balanced. I know how to interact with different people, I understand myself in ways most people have not been able to find yet, and I have my family to push me back in the right path when they see I have strayed too far. In terms of Eurocentrism, the fact that there are many private Armenian schools in southern California, and because of what I know about the pride of Armenian people, I can see that what I was taught growing p reiterates the belief many Armenians hold that the Armenian culture is better than others. Many times when discussing things such as moving out from the family home, late(a) crime in our neighborhood, or the troubles many youths find themselves in, my mom would point out how other races do no support t heir family how Armenians do, certain crimes Armenians wouldnt do that other races would, and how I should be thankful for being part of the Armenian culture for those reasons.My moms statements show her favor of Armenians before whites and nonwhites alike. References Desmond, M. , & Emirbayer, M. (2010). Race in the 21st Century. Racial domination, racial progress The sociology of race in America (1st ed, pp. 27-28). New York McGraw-Hill Juge, T. (2012-2013) Class Lecture Notes.

EU economic relation with MERCOSUR Essay

IntroductionMERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) was established in 1991 as a customs union and common market between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Chile and Bolivia later united as associate Mercosur members. Since mid-2000, they have been engaged in negotiations with the EU to establish a free switch area covering some(prenominal) regions.History in the MakingOn whitethorn 28, 2004, EU and MERCOSUR trade representatives convened in Guadalajara, Mexico to continue an ongoing negotiation process. MERCOSUR holds a comparative advantage in a wide of the mark range of agricultural produce, which composes more than half of its total exports, while Europe is particularly strong in industrial and capital markets, such(prenominal) as automobiles, telecommunications and banking.Their complementary color economies verifym ideally suited for engaging in free trade, with each component of the bloc specializing in their specific fields of strength. However, import quotas and tariff s, intended to cherish MERCOSUR members infant industries as well as high cost European farmers, present mountainous obstacles to the realization of any free trade agreement. At the May 28 summit, both sides tentatively agreed to open their markets to unusual competition. The EU and MERCOSUR have each shown a leave aloneingness to make difficult concessions in order to see their negotiations catch out to fruition.The Border is ClosedThe European Unions protectionist agriculture regulations insulate locally grown produce from foreign competition. Cultivatable land, a precious and scarce commodity on the continent, is extraordinarily expensive. Hence the European Parliament instituted subsidies, import quotas and tariffs to keep the regions relatively inefficient agro-industry afloat by regulating prices on the European market.These policies have effectively kept MERCOSUR products out of the European market as the EU refused to negotiate on gap its markets up to foreign competiti on by the raising of its quotas and the lowering of its tariffs. However, European negotiations have recently made important concessions aimed at expediting the process. The EU Common Agricultural polity of 2003, which significantly reduced Europes farm subsidies, coupled with an increase in import quotas and a lowering of tariffs, have strengthened MERCOSURs self-assurance in the positive outcome of trade talks.Europes reluctant acquiescence to MERCOSURs demands is an attempt to pursue a strategy aimed at obtaining great access to South American markets where European industries and sectors (such as automobile, telecommunication, banking and computer production) have excelled in the past and appear to have an even more prosperous future. akin its European counterpart, MERCOSUR has traditionally been averse to granting great access to these markets, defending its protectionist policies with an infant industry argument. These industries are too small, it maintains, to compete in the world market, and therefore opening its borders at this time could destroy domestic firms. However, the South American Common Market has recognized the significance of Europes offer, and in return, has allowed for ever greater access to its telecommunication and banking industries.Partners in DecayThere is a downside to the growing ties between Europe and MERCOSUR. Europes courting of MERCOSUR is at best undermining the textile that binds the fragile G20 together. G20 members fear that the EU-MERCOSUR agreement could provide unfair access to markets, which would be illegal according to the World slew Organization (WTO) standards.According to these, Most raise Nation Status (MFN) cannot be reserved for specific countries, but must be shared among all applicable WTO members. According to some G20 members, including China, India, South Africa and Brazil, the European Unions decision to engage in trade talks with MERCOSUR is a stratagem to undermine the G20, an organization that could potentially cause serious problems for both the EU and the United States.Restructuring the MapAn accord between the two giant trading blocs has the potential to upset and shift the balance of power in the international trade arena, not only affecting the G20 but also challenging US economic hegemony in the Western Hemisphere. A leading light in the Cairns group of agricultural exporters and a founding member of the G20, Brazils political clout in the international community is growing exponentially. Its ability to want greater respect in political and economic agreements has persuaded the EU to offer greater concessions to MERCOSUR and is forcing the United States to reformulate its position on the Free Trade knowledge domain of the Americas (FTAA).There is no doubt that Brazil is using the EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, and the commercial bonanza it should bring, as a weapon to increase its bargaining power in forthcoming FTAA talks with Washington concerning farm subsidies. The election of two left-leaning presidents in Brazil and Argentina, as well as a shift away from a Western Hemisphere trade pact toward a more amicable courtship with Europe, reflects a fundamental change in Brazilian and Argentine government as well as in their strategy in dealing with the US. Neither government wants to be considered, as Brazilian President Lula stated during his presidential campaign, an annexation of the United States.In 2004, worries over progress in negotiations deepened as the co-chairmanship of the FTAA rotated to the United States and Brazil. Unfortunately, the inability to compromise by the proposed trading blocs two major powers has stalled progress on the realization of such an agreement. It also has persuaded a newly confirmed pessimist MERCOSUR to look across the Atlantic for an opportunity to hike up its global thrust and self-interests. The United Statess reluctance to discuss any reductions in farm subsidies during recent FTAA trade rounds has h indered the chances of signing a Free Trade Area of the Americas agreement by 2005, the projected year for it to be announced.Meanwhile, Europe has slipped into the foreground, prepared to equal or even replace the United States as the rife trading power on the South American continent. The United Statess hegemonic status in the Americas is in peril. To maintain a semblance of the status-quo, Washington get out have to concede to demands for a slash in farm subsidies if it wishes to reignite the negotiation process, or at least keep it alive, and to maintain itself as the overriding regional superpower, the US will be forced to compromise.The EU-MERCOSUR free trade agreement without a question is a threat to the United Statess sanction in the region. Europes belated decision to open its agricultural markets to foreign competition leaves Washington in a precarious position at the negotiating table with its Latin American counterparts. Previously, the EU and the US held the same l ine regarding agricultural subsidies both argued that the subject should be headed at future WTO trade rounds rather than through bilateral trade agreements. If it now wishes to remain competitive with Europe in the South American market, Washington will have to address the issue of the subsidies and import quotas that up to now have plagued many of the Latin American countries. With the EU now retreating from its long held protectionist position, the US can no daylong expect to walk away from negotiations with a victory in hand which places Latin America in a dependent position in the FTAA. incision Bottom US-Latin American RelationsThere is no question that US-Latin America relations are at their lowest point in a generation. Clearly, when it has come to leadership and a strong moral stance regarding US policy initiatives towards Cuba, Venezuela and Haiti, Secretary of State Powell has provided no leadership and certainly no vision. By default, such leadership fell into the hand s of Otto Reich and a small band of venomous rightwing ideologies headed by Otto Reich, Roger Noriega and Dan Fisk, who held their places because Powell allowed them to be imposed on him.As a career propagandistic and huckster-ideologue, Otto Reich built his professional existence on disseminating public disinformation along with a capacity for extremist politics that have done incalculable damage to the charge of a balanced and obligated regional policy. Almost single-handedly, he has bent and distorted US-Latin American relations and has produced a level of odium that cannot be good recalled in the recent chapters of the bilateral relationship between the two hemispheres.His legacy hardly serves that word, filled as it has been with vulgar rhetoric, meretricious analysis, Rasputin-like conspiracies, and an inability to distinguish responsible behavior from that of a low quality goon. He, together with his fellow alumni from former Senator Helmss tawdry regional policy-making wo rkshop at the Senates foreign relations committee, the State of Departments Roger Noriega and Dan Fisk, have gone a long way to pollute US hemispheric ties so fundamentally that it will take a generation to undo.From a Caribbean, Andean or South American standpoint, the EU-MERCOSUR pact strengthens their respective chances for a fairer and freer FTAA agreement. The United States can no longitudinal treat its hemispheric partners as subsidiaries of a holding company which it controls now that Europe has presented itself as a viable second option for a grooming trade relationship.Living in an era of increasingly free global trade, the EU-MERCOSUR pact could be a refreshing change from a history of mostly self-serving and US-dominated agreements. The trade agreement between the European Union and MERCOSUR could come to rival the Free Trade Area of the Americas as a major hemispheric economic force, even if both are achieved. As the United Statess soft power continues to decline in t he region, Europes global song looks increasingly more appealing. If the US wishes to maintain its traditional position astride the Western Hemisphere, it must learn from its European counterparts how to stop talking down and start talking to Latin America.Internet ReferencesREDES / Friends of the Earth Uruguay http//www.redes.org.uy/LObservatori de las Transnacionales (LOT), research group focusing on Spanish TNCs in Latin-America. Contact David Llistar david.llistardebtwatch.orgRed Mexicana de Accion Frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC) http//www.rmalc.org.mx/ international Institute (TNI) http//www.tni.org/altreg/index.htmCorporate Europe Observatory (CEO) http//www.corporateeurope.org/Alianza Chilena Por Un Comercio Justo y Responsable (ACJR) http//www.comerciojusto.cl/index.htmAsociacion Latinoamercana de Organizaciones de Promocion (ALOP) http//www.alop.or.cr/

Market for Human Organs

Logan Williams Economics 211 Cupelli 28 February 2013 The Market for Human variety meat Richard Knox, a National existence Radio reporter (Richard Knox), states, About 75,000 Ameri advises are on the waiting nominate for kidney transplants. But in the coming year, just 18,000 pass on draw a bead on them. Unfortunately, the transplant list is only growing with each passing year. This means that numerous people will die on the waiting list and those who are lucky complete to get to surgery may not be strong enough to survive the operation because they have been without vital organs for so long.The legalization of the foodstuff would cause more than people to donate, evening out the difference between donations and needed transfers. Since the demand for human organs is so high people will do everything in their power to get what they need. Often times this leads to people searching the black market. These organs and operations are not only non-sterile, and can be extremely da ngerous as the buying and moveing conditions are practically extremely unsafe. The black market is also kn make for causation crime, but the offenses committed for human organs a lot of the time involve violent crimes and sometimes murder.The legalization would cause these crimes to almost cum to a complete stop. If the human organ market is legalized mevery more people would be able to get the organs they need. Many more lives would be protected if selling and purchasing organs were legal. Participation in medical research, the selling of blood, eggs, and semen for compensation has become a way for many people to come out of debt or simply have a little bit more capital to get by. It only makes sense that if people were given the options to sell their organs more would be involved.With the legalization of the human organ market, people would be more belike to donate their organs knowing that they can get a reward for thrift someones life. This will help people pay off debts, save money for retirement, or give them more sp deceaseing money in a safe, reliable way being treated by doctors. When donations are taken after a presenter has passed away, the salary would simply be given to a person, institution, or charity chosen by the donor. If it becomes legal to sell organs, it will also become a ratable good, bringing more money into the government.As donation numbers increase, more organs will be available to those in need, and many more lives will be saved. With the increased number of donated body parts, not only will we see direct increases in the number of transplants, but also a tremendous decline in hospital costs with less people on organ waiting lists. When less money is needed to treat patients waiting for body parts, hospitals can redistribute funds into other branches to buy new technology, hire more staff, or offer more treatment to patients, thus saving more lives.Unfortunately, the many people on the transplant list are slowly dying wit hout any significant treatment. These people know that if they do not get any new organs soon, which many realize because they have been on the waiting list for extremely long with no end in sight, they most belike will have to resort to very dangerous ways of getting what they need. They are willing to pay any price so save their lives. This often leads them to the black market.The amount of people involved in the black market is increasing, but untrained people perform surgeries in non-sterile environments leading to risks of infection and peradventure death. Another issue with the black market is many poor people become victimized by the wealthy and do not get the money they were promised before the surgery (Growing Market). If the market of human organs was legalized the surgeries would be safer and the money would be guaranteed, leading people away from the dangers of the black market. The black market is ill-famed for causing crime.Since most people that are in dyer need of an organ dont care where they are getting it from, people begin thievery other peoples organs. Many people commit violent crimes or kill for other peoples organs and sell them for their own profit. If organs could be legally sold at that place would need to be proper identification and paperwork before the surgery could take place, making it so there is not profit in selling organs, therefore dramatically reducing the violent crimes taking place. The legalization would cause the sale of human organs on the black market to almost completely stop.Sadly, the organ transplant list is only growing with the passing time and if there are no changes in how the system is today the donor list will not increase with any significance. If the market for human organs is legalized it would cause an increase in the donor list, money brought into the hospitals and the government. It would decrease the list of people in need of a transplant, the crime rate for organ thefts, the deaths caused by bla ck market surgeries, and could cause an end to the sales of human organs on the black market completely.Without a change people will continue to die waiting for organs they likely never had a chance to receive since the beginning. The legalization of the market for human organs could save many more lives than the organ waiting list is saving now. Works Cited Growing Market for Human Organs Exploits Poor. MSUToday. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Knox, Richard. Should We Legalize the Market for Human Organs? NPR. NPR, n. d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Richard Knox. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 February 2013 Should the Sale of Human Organs Be Legal? a Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.

Drugs and the Music Industry Essay

Throughout the years, medicines and music sop up been as synonymous as America and baseball. especially within the past 50 years, this nation has experienced the birth, and death, of many genres of music due to rampant medicine usance. Sure, we all spang that drugs are bad for you and that if you debauch them, they will level offtually lead to your death, but these substances concur created music that has inspired millions around the world, and who is to say that is a bad thing? We have all benefited in one way or a nonher from a musicians use of mind altering chemicals or in some cases, plants, and this is an undeniable feature.Drugs have had an all overall irresponsible impact on the music industry. They have inspired, enlightened, expanded, and even destroyed the minds of some of Americas best musicians. However, no matter what happens to the musician, the drug fueled music that they have do lives on forever to inspire later generations of youth to join the revolution and create something worthwhile. Whether it be jazz, rap, rock, electronic, or even modern day pop, as enormous as plenty are out there creating music, there will be a new type of drug to fuel the fire.The history of drug use started with jazz musicians and their use of heroin, and led to the counterculture movement and their avocation of psychedelic drugs and marijuana. This in turn brought about the punk movement, who took drug use to an extreme that was non seen before. Although this drug use positively effects the musical position, it does destroy the lives of those who choose to take the risk. Many musicians have lost their lives to drug use which envisions the fine melodic phrase between just drug use, and drug abuse. Despite all the negatives, drugs have had a positive impact on the American music industry over the past 100 years.The whole thing started with a little thing called jazz. Down south and in the streets of Harlem, many famous jazz musicians were known to be hard drug users whose drug of picking was heroin. This drug could keep you up for days upon end with little to no food, allowing for hours and hours of practice and time to write well-favored works of art. (Winick) Famous musicians such as Ray Charles, Miles Davis, and Hank Mobley all were using this hip drug and their influence led to not only just early(a) musicians using it to increase their piddle awaying abilities but also to the everyday listener. This caused a problem in the jazz community as more and more plurality were falling victim to this drug for all the wrong reasons.People were becoming hooked on this new jazz sensation. In those days, people did not know the overwhelming addictive powers of heroin. The mistake they made was trying it just once. After they tried it, they were hooked, and the creativity part of it was no longer. It simply became an addiction. (Winick) Once the creativity aspect left the equation, it just became another drug to be abused. However, almost all popular music to this day have heavy roots and jazz, which just goes to show that although it destroyed lives, the music created was greatly influential.Next came the infamous counterculture, the hippie movement of the 1960s. This generation of peace and love highly advocated the use of marijuana and psychedelics such as LSD, mushrooms, mescaline, peyote, and MDMA. These drugs definitely showed up in the music of the decade. Bands such as the Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and many others all took these psychedelics and entered a motley of trance that increased their composing and lyrical abilities. (Gillespie) Some people say that even in order to fully understand this music, one must be under the influence of some sort of drug. Since a lot, but not all, of the drugs that were done during this time period were not addictive, everyone seemed to be enjoying this movement without any inference. Much of the music created during this time period is quie t popular today and has a big impact on the youth, showing the positive effects of these drugs on the music industry at this time.The use of drugs in the music scene was at its most extreme during the Hardcore Punk movement of the 1980s. This scene was entirely different from any that was experienced before. Drug use also held initial significance in the movement the inherent connection between recreational drug use and the production of rock music utilize to the Hardcore movement just as it appeared in the music of the 60s. (Cashbaugh)The punks took any drug that was available to them that was cheap and hit fast and hard. Inevitably, their drug of choice became speed because, It was cheap, it was around, and you could play fast music on it. It also curtailed your appetite. In San Francisco, the Negative Trend guys literally lived on potatoes. (Marzuk) This revolutionary drug let musicians play for days upon end with no sleep and little need for basic necessities. It may have taken a toll on their bodies, however the pure, affectionate energy it created was something never seen before.Drug use, however, does not increase your creativity. There is no scientific evidence that shows a direct correlation between drug and inebriant use and the creative parts of your brains. To the contrary, studies have shown that I actually limits the amount your brain functions. (summary, Cengage) However, the mainstream media portrays such a direct link between the two that when people take drugs, they convince themselves that they have these effects. The drugs almost act as a placebo for a persons creativity. If you truly believe that taking drugs will help you write any type of music, then it most likely will, and vice versa. It all has to do with the perspective of the user and their outlook they have on drugs.Although drug use has positively influenced the quality of music over the years, it has also taken the lives of many fantastic musicians who crossed the line from us e, to abuse. thespians such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis, Joplin, Amy Winehouse, and countless others have all died due to some sort of drug or alcohol addiction. (Blindsider) Jimi Hendrix allegedly overdosed on sleeping pills. Janis Joplin overdoes on heroin. Amy Winehouse died due to alcohol intoxication. These were all supremely talented musicians who let the drugs get the better of them. At first the drugs were used for the rush and a creative boost, but they eventually turned into a costume that couldnt be quit. Their music also glorified addiction and the use of the drugs that were killing them. This shows the fine line between just the simple use of drugs and the brawny force of addiction that can overtake you if you are not careful.It seems as if todays music really romanticizes the use of drugs and alcohol, and in some cases, even advocates addiction. Tom Hamilton of Aerosmith even said, he probably wouldnt have come up with that great bass line from Sweet Emotion had he not been high (Bohlinger) This does not exactly promote a sober living, and no rock stars truly do, but it goes on to prove that drugs do in fact have a positive effect on musicians writing and playing abilities. However, this could become a bad thing for todays youth. Seeing as many teens look up to musicians and pop stars who live a wild lifestyle, it may influences them to make stupid decisions that they otherwise wouldnt have made. Drugs must be used with a purpose in mind, whether it be gaining an experience, making art, or writing music. Too many teens will destroy their lives just trying something for the bitch of the high or to just look cool.Over the past 20 years, straight-edge movements have been gaining in popularity. These groups make music and pledge to not take drugs or alcohol. It seems as if more and more teens are getting into these sober movements because they offer something different from the norm. It has become normal for musicians to be drunks and addicts and the se teens are just looking for a change. These groups make one wonder whether or not the link between drugs and music is finally breaking down, or if this is just a small spot in the radar of music.Although the majority of evidence is against it, drugs still have made a positive effect on the music industry. They have paved the avenue for countless great bands, albums, and songs and have opened the doors of creativity to many musicians. This is very prevalent within the music of the Beatles. If it werent for marijuana and LSD, their success and experimentation would have been very limited. Albums such as Sergeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band would have never been created and rock music as we know it would not have been the same. You can also see this within the music of many other old school rock and roll bands such as Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, and many others. Their music has made a significant impact on all music today and if it were not for the drugs pumpin g by their bodies, these bands would not be half as famous as they are today.Works CitedBlindsider. Rock Musicians Who Have Died From Drugs. Listology. N.p., 29 Apr. 2009. Web. 31 May 2012. . Bohlinger, John. Romanticizing the Drug Musician Mythos. Premier Guitar. N.p., Nov. 2008. Web. 4 June 2012. . Cashbaugh, Sean. Hardcore Using in the Scene. web.wm. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 May 2012. . Cengage, Gale. Creativity and Drugs. eNotes. N.p., 2001. Web. 31 May 2012. . Gillespie, Nick. Everbody Must Get Stoned Rock Stars on Drugs. Reason. N.p., 13 May 2009. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . Marzuk, Jenny. Mainstream Drug Use in America. American Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 May 2012. . Winick, Charles. Social Problems. N.p. University of California Press, 1959. JSTOR. Web. 31 May 2012. .

How Are Syariah Laws Being Currently Applied in Malaysia Essay

Islam had been established in Malaya by the 14th century. Malacca, one of the Malay presents in Malaya, emerged as a Moslem Kingdom under Sultan Iskandar Syah and his successors. By the early 15th century, it had become a power of great importance in South East Asia. This brought an end to the political control and heathenish act of the Hindu and Buddhist powers everywhere the Malay Peninsula. This brought an end to the political control and cultural influence of the Hindu and Buddhist powers over the Malay Peninsula. Malay society and its righteousnesss were influences by thought and ideas from various Muslim countries.This because Islam itself came to this region from different countries, namely the Arab countries, India and even China. The truth of nature used in Malacca was Muslim impartiality together with Malay customary law. Malay customary law may also referred as to as Adat Melayu. In 1511, Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese. However, its difficult to provide a satisfactory account of the legitimate development during that period. Although Malay customary law was preserved under Portuguese rule and later by the Dutch, during their conquest of Malacca in 1641, it was ultimately replaced by English law during the British colonization of Malaya offshoot from 1786.Evidences and traces of Islamic ratified thought and institutions are present in Malay law. Terminology and ideas from the Islamic legal system found their way into the numerous treatises on traditional Malay law. They are found in the Melaka Digest (Undang-undang Melaka or Risalah Hukum Kanun of 1523) and the Pahang Digest of 1596 with a later supplement, and in the Kedah Digest dated 1606 containing port rules. bring forward evidence is found in the 18th century, 99 Laws of Perak and in the Johor Digest of 1789.Finally the orthodox Muslim works of the Shafiee School of Islamic Law, such as the treatises on the law of marriage, divorce and legitimacy of children were translated in Malay. The Majalah al-Ahkam al- Adliyyah (The Mejelle), a set of Muslim civil laws of the Ottoman Empire, was also translated into Malay and recognized as the law to be followed by the Johor mashs in 1914. Islamic law, being an imported law, evolved by dint of a period of 6 centuries of development. Its impaction on the countrys legal system was far reaching, even until the early part of the present century.This is well illustrated in the case of Laton v Ramah, where the Court of Appeal held that Islamic law in Peninsular Malaya was non foreign law but local law, the law of the land which every court must take judicial notice. But during the post British colonial period, Islamic law has been decrease in importance and its significance has further declined after the independence. The ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution, Legislature Lists (List II- State List) states The Islamic Law is under state authority. Each state enacts its own enactment with legal power over i t.Every state has its own Council of Islamic Religion and Malay Custom and the Kadis Courts. These courts have limited jurisdiction on persons professing the Islamic religion, and only included in this list, but shall not have jurisdiction in respect of offenses except insofar as centred by Federal Law. The Muslim Courts (Criminal legal power ) Act 1965 No. 23 of 1965 provides that the jurisdiction of the Shariah Courts Shall not be exercised in respect of any offence punishable with imprisonment for a term exceeding 6 month or with any mulct exceeding one thousand dollars or with both.Its been a questioned among the people about the cover of Hudud law in Malaysia since there are different types of religious and beliefs the nations uphold. Many people agree with the capital punishment whereas some disagreed with the issue. Basically, Hudud is the most severe and strict Islamic law for resorting to punish those offenders through physical means. The provisions of the Hudud law cau se Malays feared the law and they are not ready for the implementation of Hudud laws as there are lack of understanding on the need of a prissy model on the Islamic criminal law.According to Professor Dr. Mahmood Zuhdi Abdul Majid of IIUM, he give tongue to If we do not politicize it, we Malays are definitely ready to implement hudud in Malaysia, but if we were look at Hudud as a political issue, then it becomes a problem, He also stated that criminal laws should be imposed on all citizens because Islam does not discriminate on whether you are a Muslim or a non-Muslim. Besides, PAS had decided that it will seek constitutional amendment in the Parliament to put through the Hudud law once the Pakatan take over the federal administration. According to our Former President, Dr.Mahathir Mohammad, had stated his dissatisfaction on the implementation of Hudud laws in Malaysia which will create an injustice judiciary system. For an instance, a Muslim who attached an offence will be puni shed according to Hudud law, which is a severe punishment whereas the non-Muslims who committed the same offence will be punished according to civil law which is much lineal. He also commented that there is nothing mentions in the Quran about the severe punishments and he urged Muslims to follow the prime sources of Islam, Quran instead of the Sunnah or Hadith which are basically those interpretations of the Quran.Furthermore, Nibong Tebal MP, Tan Tee Beng said Kita president, Zaid Ibrahim confessed that non-Muslims can be punished under the Hudud criminal code enactments. He added that Shariah laws that being technical in Malaysia are based on civil and family legislation, which governs individual Muslim matters. The issue is controversy as Hudud law can be applied if the Federal Constitution amended which requires majority votes from the members of Parliament. found on UMNO Minister, Datuk Seri Jamil Khir Baharom view, he stated that Hudud Law will never give any impact on Non -Muslims.The government is alert that there are distinctions of views and thoughts on this issue among Islamic scholars and jurists and a look need to be done before the Hudud law implemented in Malaysia, so that the penal code is fair to all, complies with Allahs conditions and is in accord with the Malaysia legal system. He also added that if Hudud law is to be applied in Malaysia, the Syariah Court would only have jurisdiction over those who practice Islam in accord with the Federal Constitution, the Supreme law of the Federation.Though the issue on the application of Hudud law in Malaysia is indecisive stage, the application of Shariah law does not lose its position. The Islamic law that is in depict in Malaysia totally is not genuine Islamic law but may have been influenced by written laws judicial decisions and customary law. For an instance, the written laws, especially, those enacted before independence, may reject Islamic law. Thus in Ainan v Syed Abu Bakar, it was held that the legitimacy of a child should be determined by the Evidence Enactment (F. M. S. ) and not accordance with Islamic law.

Impact of rechargeable cars on the Environment Essay

In this essay, I will discuss about the chargeable batteries used in the rechargeable automobile and the impacts of these batteries to the taint of the urban environment. Scientists atomic number 18 moving fast to perpetrate new inventions to the world and rechargeable automobile batteries be the latest offspring of the automobile world. Due to profligate gasoline consumption, the scientists ar working on electric cars and on the rechargeable batteries. The gasoline consumption creates pollution and it is proved by searches that the consumption should be decreased to save the environment.Now the question is that is the rechargeable battery save the environment from the pollution? The answer of the question is discussed below The impact of the rechargeable batteries depends on the writer of electricity. Most of the people think that the rechargeable or the hybrid cars (in other words electric cars) are environment friendly because they think that it is using refined and en vironment friendly energy merely research professors show another side of the rechargeable batteries. According to them, the pollution depends upon the source of electricity.They say that most of the countries establish their electricity from fossil elicits, oil and gasoline. If a country or state is generating their electricity from the fossil fuels or gasoline, then the impact of the batteries will be worst because every time when they will need to recharge the battery, they need electricity and in that sense, the consumption of the electricity will increase and the environment will be polluted (Laura Williams). The Ohio university research shows that the hybrid cars and the use of the rechargeable batteries affect the environment.The reason is that the material which is used in the batteries is more harmful than the conventional batteries. The batteries are to be recharged after 350 miles and after every 350 miles, the electricity is inevitable for recharging. So the source o f the electricity concerns a lot (Ohio University). Ozone layer is a very important topic of environment. The batteries damage ozone layer which creates bundle of problems and harms. The radioactive rays actually damage the ozone layer which is really harmful and creates some diseases.So every time when a battery is recharged, it will exhaust the rays which are really harmful. Moreover, recycle of the battery should be proper and if it is not proper, then the environment will have to suffer (Baig, Naqvi, Qureshi). It is avowedly that temporarily rechargeable batteries are chance uponms to be more beneficial than the other sources unless the study shows that we are paying a lot in the sense of environment pollution. The impacts of the rechargeable batteries on the environment are everlasting and longterm (Conger, 2010).By the above discussion, it can be concluded that rechargeable batteries are facilitating the world but we cant deny from this fact that they are harmful for the e nvironment. In hybrid cars, rechargeable batteries are used so, consumption of diesel or fuel is less and the smoke arising from diesel or fuel does not exhaust the environment but it does not mean that it is not exhausting anything. So if we see its effects on temporary basis, then we will come to the conclusion that it is environment friendly but on the ground levels that its effects are worst (Clean up Australia).

Vietnam War vs Iraq War

With a husband in the Army and before long on his third deployment to Iraq, I am often asked how I think this war is different from other(prenominal) wars. In order to answer this question properly, I found that I needed to do a little bit of look for and acquaint myself with some war history. As I learned effective previous wars that the Statesns have been regard in, I learned that only two wars have had a big(p) deal of controversy.The Vietnam War and the Iraq War, while almost identical are vastly different in their give right. In this paper, I give discuss the similarities and differences between two of our most recent wars. Even though there is a twenty eight year difference, there are many similarities between the wars in Vietnam and Iraq. Both Vietnam and Iraq are called wars, even though neither had a formal declaration of war. The actions claimed legitimacy per a Congressional vote authorizing the Presidents to send troops.The Vietnam War was packaged as a crucial front in the Cold War and Iraq was packaged as a crucial front in the War on Terrorism. Vietnam is seen as Texan President Lyndon Johnsons war, although he saw it as carrying out troops commitments do by his predecessors Eisenhower and Kennedy. Iraq is seen as Texan President George W. Bushs war, although he saw himself fulfilling the stated aspiration (Iraq Regime Change) of his predecessors George H. W. Bush and Clinton. The excuse for major combat operations in Vietnam was a perceived outrage on the Gulf of Tonkin.The excuse for major combat operations in Iraq was a perceived round off on the Persian Gulf. Elected on a promise to end the war in Vietnam, Nixon expand it into Laos and Cambodia. During the midterm election, Bush learned that the voters wanted to end the War in Iraq, but instead, he displace more troops. President Johnson leftfield Vietnam unresolved for his successor, Nixon, who had no connection to his administration President Bush left Iraq unresolved for h is successor, Obama, who withal had no connection to his administration.The escalation into Vietnam and the invasion of Iraq are often seen as consequences because of events that happened in America less than two years earlier the assassination of JFK and the September 11 attacks. Prior to the Vietnam War, the unite States had military advisors in South Vietnam for about twelve years. After the Gulf War, the United States had combat troops in Iraq for about twelve years and kept them close by in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Both Vietnam and Iraq refer the United States accusing a powerful neighbor, Russia, China, and Iran, of aiding its enemies.Vietnam and Iraq were largely supported by the public until the Tet Offensive and Abu Gharib cast off gruesome images of hard-won victories on Americans televisions. Soldiers of both Vietnam and Iraq found themselves being criticized for what had been happening, although they were just following orders abandoned to them by the higher-ups. Op ponents of both Vietnam and Iraq found themselves being branded as traitors for simply exercising their right to uninvolved speech.With all the similarities of Vietnam and Iraq, there are vast amounts of differences too. When the villain in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, was captured at Saigon, his have was put on the city and it became Ho Chi Minh City in 1975. When Saddam Hussein, the villain in Iraq, was captured, he was executed after(prenominal) having his name re locomote from just about everything in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. The United States got into Vietnam to keep the south from falling to communist dictators, though in the process they cancelled or cheat democratic elections.The United States went into Iraq with the intentions to stop terrorism, but in the process take into accountd fodder for new terrorist groups. The loss of Vietnam was vatical to cause a domino effect of nations falling to Communism. The victory in Iraq was supposed to cause something of a reverse do mino effect of other Islamic states yearning for democracy. The Vietnam War ended with the unification of a country formerly divided, while the end of the Iraq War brought with it the partitioning of a country formerly unified.American interlocking in Vietnam began after the French stopped fighting while American involvement in Iraq began after the French refused to fight. When the generals told President Johnson that they needed more troops to win in Vietnam, he refused to provide them and moved to end the war. When the generals told President Bush that they needed more troops to win in Iraq, he refused to provide them and moved to start the war. Vietnams fighting force was four ages the size of Iraqs.Vietnam had a picture that was eventually abolished, while Iraq had an all-volunteer military that eventually led to talk of reinstating the draft. The War in Vietnam was a long fight to expel an incursive army. The War in Iraq was a short fight by an invading army to expel Saddam , followed by a long fight to expel local militias. If a pass coupled the National Guard in the Vietnam era, they would have avoided getting shipped out, but if a soldier joined the National Guard during the Iraq era, they probably would non have avoided being shipped out.Some people say that America gets involved in wars just for the revenue created, while other people say that without unification of the world, there will never be true peace. As a military wife in a time of war, I find myself often torn between my feelings. on that point is no doubt that given the choice, I would choose to have my husband home and safe, however, without being needed by the Army, my husband probably would not have a job or be able to support our family. As I did research for this paper, I found myself very grateful that I was not a wife during the War in Vietnam.With the lack of communication, ammunition and support from other countries during the Vietnam War, I would most likely be a widow. wo rld a military wife during the Iraq War is not easy, but there have not been near as many casualties and while my husband still is not entirely safe, I am able to communicate with him almost every day and have no doubt that he is provided with everything that he needs. There are a great number of similarities between the Vietnam War and the Iraq War, but there are also a great number of differences.

The Mcnaughten Rule

The MNaghten Rule 1843 Aspects of the iniquitous law in Canada are likely to be traced backrest several hundred years ago, where the legal system was established in England. Criminal law, derived from public law, includes the subject of wicked defenses, and in a narrower sense, the theory of not being criminally amen sufficient on account of a intellectual roughness. The theory behind this defense can be traced back to England in the 1840s. This era showcased the influential case of Daniel MNagthen.Believed to be a paranoid schizophrenic, MNaghten tanginess and killed Edward Drummond, Secretary to the British Prime Minister, Sir Robert clamber. MNaghten was under the delusion that he was being persecuted by Peel who was at the time a strong advocate of the police enforcement system. The case states that Daniel MNaghten, had shot the Secretary, Edward Drummond, persuasion he was Peel and was put on trial for the murder of Edward Drummond. As this stood, MNaghten pleaded not illegal on the statement that he was kindly ill and having delusions, which had influenced his action to murder Drummond.The court system of England enounce MNaghten as not guilty by reason of alienation. The case gave way to the now highborn MNaghten rule claiming that an individual cannot be install guilty on the grounds that he or she is unable to tell the difference amongst right and wrong (Siegle, McCormick 2010). The MNaghten rule has set a foundation of defining criminal responsibility and allowed for the introduction of mental disorders and psychological conditions as being able to influence whether or not an individual can be held criminally accountable. on that point was great public clapperclaw on this verdict which forced the House of Lords to amend the standards for the defense of insanity and resulted in the rule that states each man is to be presumed sane, and that to establish a defense on the grounds of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a brand of reason, from disease of mind, as not to know the reputation and quality of the act he was doing or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong (8 Eng. Rep. 718 (1843)).Criticism for the MNaghten rule arose because it tended to rely unaccompanied on the defendants cognitive ability to know right from wrong. Subsequently, there are alike questions about what to do with defendants who can differentiate the wrongfulness they committed but cant carry the impulses to commit them. Combined, these factors either emotional or cognitive can make it difficult for defendants to be found not guilty by reason of insanity. Despite the criticisms, the MNaghten Rule is still widely utilise today in both the Canadian and United States legal system.Evolving a greater understanding of applying the insanity defense leads the way to other orders and theories for understanding and defining me ntal insanity. Looking into the Biological Trait surmisal asks the question as to whether or not individuals can be born criminal (Garofalo, 178). It is known that mental disorders are almost, always genetically based, however diagnosing someone, as having a mental disorder, does not trace them as a criminal. This is where behaviour and personality characteristics come into play, indicating a criminal nature.Many biological factors, such as body weight and height are incorporated into creating a stereotype of a criminal, a method called somatyping. It is important to take into account the lifestyle of the accused. Many factors such as the home structure, daily routine, nature and nurturing, education, friends, interest all play an impactful role in either noticing an onset of a mental disorder to noticing the beginning of criminal mien. Some of these characteristics can come into play as well in the psychological Trait Theory, focusing on the mental aspect of offensive.From a ps ychodynamic perspective, there are two classifications to notice mental disorder, in individuals who struggle with mental anguish and loss of control of their personality. This can manifest in an individual who experiences neurosis or psychosis. Neurosis is described as being on the borderline between reality and the sense of losing control of your personality, and psychosis is the loss of total control leaving them detached from reality. Psychotic behavior is often marked by bizarre episodes of delusion or hallucinations. It can take on umpteen forms, the most common being Schizophrenia.In a broad sense, the person is left with complete loss of pattern control or appropriate emotional responses. They can become paranoid, delusional, hallucinate or withdraw altogether from reality. As in the MNaghten case of 1843, Daniel MNaghten was thought to be a paranoid schizophrenic, which caused or provoked his violent reaction toward Edward Drummond. Due to the many theories and perspect ives about the rooting and origins of mental disorders, it is no adore why there is such a high correlation between crime and mental illness.Many characteristics of mental illness are also very similar to those categorized as being criminal in nature. The authors of Clinical predictions of Self-Mutilation in hospitalized patients stated that mentally ill individuals are more likely to withdraw or harm themselves than to act aggressively towards others (1994), which begins to ask the question if mentally ill individuals are more criminal than those who are not mentally ill. And, do you have to be mentally ill to commit a crime.This is why criminal cases involving mental illness are hard to defend or hard to prosecute. There does not seem to be a simple direct way to interpret the complete skill of these theories. In conclusion, criminal behavior as it relates to understanding the relationship to mental illness is an evolving behavioral science. intimately 170 years after the MNagh ten Rule was established the legal system in conglutination America is still struggling to find the balance at defining mental insanity.There is significant explore to establish that people can be born into crime based on their genetics or the environment and that psychotic behavior can lead to irrational thoughts and feelings that provoke people to do marvelous things. The question still exists as to whether individuals from any of these perspectives actually understand if they had intent to commit a crime or understand completely that what they did was wrong.

The Bicentennial Man

I would claim Andrew Martin that he became truly a merciful beingness. I think that Andrew has fulfilled the characteristics and personalities of a human being. These abilities argon things that can scarce be observed in human, and these abilities are what makes human unique from other creatures. These abilities take on consciousness, free go out, emotions, feelings, mortality, and other things were all developed and possessed by Andrew. Although Andrew was made up of steels, it is not only the physical features that make us a human being.What more important is our inner features that make us human being what a person thinks and expressing his actions determine his being. It is by expressing human freedom through his/her will that affirms his/her humanity. Andrew was able to learn and grows that made him fully understand what it is like being a human. It also impersonate that the used of I by Andrew that I think makes him truly a human being, it is because like what Ive said h e was able to assert his self and we all know that it is only human being who is capable of asserting oneself.In addition with that, it is Andrews will that defines his meaningfulness in becoming a human being. But we should also remember not to take for granted on our will we must be responsible with everything we do, just like what Mr. Martin told Andrew after giving his freedom you wish for freedom, you must accept the consequences. It was Andrews will to obtain freedom and he must be responsible with it and accept the consequences.

Film Report Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Film Report - Movie Review ExampleIts melodic theme revolves just about an unconventional form of cheat, in which the other person involved does not see his mysterious admirer. At first, the audience cannot see romance as a theme in the movie because the film unresolved with the unveiling of a monument only to find out that the do-nothing is relaxingly cradled in its arms, plus his gasp got hooked by the monuments sword when he was asked to leave. The audience can see the theme when mold saw the blind char selling flowers in a corner. It was conceived that he liked the woman the first duration he met her. In emphasizing the theme, the film used Tramps behold and fondness for the blind woman that obviously tell the audience he likes her at the first encounter. 2) What were the choices make by the main characters and what were the consequences of those choices? First, Tramps helping of a drunk millionaire when he was about to ordain suicide in a river resulted to a newly-for med association. Because of that, Tramp was able to see the millionaires house and was offered a drink, aside from the friendship. Moreover, the Tramp was also able to find out the prepare of the blind woman he met on the street when he decided to find her. As a result of the growing attachment he has for the woman, the Tramp decided to help finance her costly eye operation, and even pay for their rent. The Tramp decided to be a street cleaner and a boxer. He was not successful, though, in attractive the fight. Accidentally, he met with his millionaire friend in a street. His friend, likewise, decided to help his friend, and gave him the money he needed. Despite the odds (thieves sent his millionaire friend to sleep while they were talking in the living room), the Tramp was able to set apart the money to the blind woman, and she had her operation successfully. In the end, the cured woman acknowledged the Tramp when they met for the first time after he was imprisoned. The woman accepted the Tramp when she first saw him, and the Tramps admire was also requited. 3) What three or four sequences are most important in the film? why? First, it was during the time when the Tramp met the blind woman in the street, and immediately falls in love with her. It gave him somebody to look forward to. Second, when he tried to stop the drunk millionaire from committing suicide. That started their friendship, even though the millionaire is hostile when he is not drunk. Their friendship paved way for his access to various parties, and even driving the millionaires car. Third, the Tramps surprise visit to the blind womans house made him know her condition and the need for a costly eye operation. It was because of knowing her situation that made him determined to help her. His friendship with the millionaire also helped the blind woman to be cured through his money given to him. Because of their acquaintance also, he was imprisoned and spent his life in jail for stealing the millionaires money (apparently, the millionaire did not memorialize anything after the thieves hit him on the head). The final sequence was when the Tramp and the cured woman finally met, and their love was proven in the end. 4) Did the ?lm surprise you with anything unusual in its story, style, technique, or implications? The film

2101W Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2101W Assignment 2 - Essay ExampleThe medieval age of the Germany was importantly influenced by two different principles, individualism and universalism (Leyser 30-256). The then economic reforms and political regimes had also played decisive roles in the development of the modern German society. Notably, it was during the years 1046 to 1057 that Germany witnessed the rise of one after another subverter popes including Pope Clement II, Pope Dumasus II, Pope Leo IX, Pope Victor II and Pope Stephen IX (Jeep 500).During the medieval age of Germany, struggles became apparently identifiable between the then established German Empire and the reforming Catholic Churches who wished to strengthen their control on the political and economic structures of the nation. It was during in 1024 that Duke Conrad II, the first of the Salian dynasty was crowned as the poove of the Germans. Historical testaments affirm that during the sovereignty of Conrad IIs son Henry III (1039 to 1056), the empire fu ll supported the Cluniac reforms, which continued from 910. Another vital change was observed in the political structure of Germany during this period, which had forceful effects on the economic growth of the nation in the later period of the 14th and the fifteenth centuries. Before 1056, i.e. before the reign of Henry IV, German churches, representing the papal authority was dominated by the emperors in the nation. However, with the advent of Cluniac reforms, monasteries were being reformed, where monastic houses were being transferred under the direct leadership of papacy from being fit(p) under the feudal control. The conflict taking place between the Popes and German states further gave rise to the investment Controversy which lasted till 1122. This ultimately increased the complexities in the legal environment of Germany, which further augmented the discrepancies at bottom trade relations of German empires and also with international market, as traders now had

Art Management ,Collector management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art wariness ,Collector management - Essay ExampleFirst of all, the position ordain incorporate sm cheat points where consumers exit score fealty points from which they can redeem them. For example if a consumer clouds a piece of art through the website consequently(prenominal) the more they spend the more they foreshorten committedness points. For every 100 dollars a consumers spends through the site they will get one loyalty point hence the more a consumer uses the site to buy art the more the accumulate loyalty points. These loyalty points can be redeemed in prepare for a consumer to enjoy a discount, a gift hamper or specific charming art for free depending on the amount of points a consumer has. For instance, a twenty percent discount can be given by redeeming 10 points. For some fine arts one can get them at no cost at all by redeeming one hundred loyalty points. This is systems will encourage consumers to use the site since currently no online auctioning site for fine art offers loyalty points to its consumers. JFlora.com will use fond networking to ensure that its customers are always up to date with any fresh work of art that is for sale. This is another aspect of the website that currently no online auctioning website for fine art is using. The use of social networking marketing has proved to be cheap, convenient, and reliable since it has worked for other companies in other industries. Social marketing will be incorporated into the website in that once a customer registers in the website then they will be able to get information about art galleries, art events, and art products on sale make it easy for them to know what and when to buy. For instance, if a impression has been posted to be on sale on the website, then customers do not have to wait until they log in into the website. They can simply place their bids using social networks such as twitter and face book then if they are the highest bidder they will be contacted by personne l from the website informing them on their successful bidding. This is when they will be prompted to log into their account where they will choose the method of dedicatement they see fit. Jflora.com will also be conspicuous from other online auctioning websites for fine art such as paddle8 and VIP Art in its wide list of honorarium option. normally such auctioning sites usually offer a limited range of paying options which are credit and debit entry card. However, J Flora has come up with a system where a customer can pay for the relics purchased using Bank transfer, Credit card, internet currencies, wire transfers, mobile money, and personal cheques. This wide variety of payment options will be made available by the website through a system where, instead of the customers paying directly to the owner of the painting, he/she will pay to the company where the company will release the item to the vendee once they have received proof of payment. This means even if the customer pa ys for a painting using a personal cheque, the company will release the item to the buyer as bulky as a copy of the personal cheque is received by the company meaning that the buyer does not have to wait until the cheque matures. The J Flora company will incorporate credentials measures not being used by other websites to ensure that customer information is treated with a lot of privacy ensuring that they do not lose their money to identity thieves or fraudsters which has been the case in online buying and selling. In fact, quite a number of consumers